John Locke and John Stuart Mills Definition of Freedom Essay

John Locke and John Stuart Mills Definition of Freedom John Locke believes that man ought to have more freedom in political society than John Stuart Mill does. John Lockes The Second Treatise of Government and John Stuart Mills On Liberty are influential and potent literary works which while outlining the conceptual framework of each thinkers ideal state present two divergent visions of the very nature of man and his freedom. John Locke and John Stuart Mill have different views regarding how much freedom man ought to have in political society because they have different views regarding mans basic potential for inherently good or evil behavior, as well as the ends or purpose of political societies. In order to examine how each†¦show more content†¦Mill differs from Locke in the basic principle that individual who enjoy the benefits of living in political societies owe a return for the protection society offers. Mill believes for society to function properly conduct of societies members should not injuring the interests of one another; or rather certain interests; which either by express legal provision, or by tacit understanding, ought to be considered rights (Mill 70) Mill furthers this statement by proclaiming that society may go even further. As soon as any part of a persons conduct affects prejudicial the interests of others, society has jurisdiction over it, and the general question whethe r the general welfare will or will not be promoted by interfering in it, becomes open to discussion. (Mill 70) This declaration virtually allows the state the authority to intervene in every instance of human interaction and have total power to alter the exchange as it sees fit. If this function of the state is considered supreme or is allowed jurisdiction over even the first sphere of freedoms any further discussion of liberty is ineffective and redundant. Mill clearly seeks to limit the freedom of men and guaranteeing some measure of residual power to exercised by the state at will. Having examined the level or amount of freedom Locke and Mill advocate for man in political society a closer examination of the rational or reasoning which Locke and Mill used to develop theirShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And John Stuart Mill s On Liberty Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesrole the individual plays in society and to the state. Whereas, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill have developed a more modernized conception of liberty and the role of the individual to the state and society. Plato’s work the Republic, and Aristotle’s works of literature Nicomachean Ethics, and Politics will be contrasted against Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan, John Locke’s Second Treatise, and John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty. The literature works of the Political Philosophers mentioned previouslyRead More Comparing John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau2026 Words   |  9 PagesComparing John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all dealt with the issue of political freedom within a society. John Lockes â€Å"The Second Treatise of Government†, Mills â€Å"On Liberty†, and Rousseau’s â€Å"Discourse On The Origins of Inequality† are influential and compelling literary works which while outlining the conceptual framework of each thinker’s ideal state present divergent visions of the very nature of man and hisRead MoreJohn Locke And John Stuart Mill s On Liberty Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesrole the individual plays in society and to the state. Whereas, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and John Stuart Mill have developed a more modernized conception of liberty and the role of the individual to the state and society. Plato’s work the Republic, and Aristotle’s works of literature Nicomachean Ethics, and Politics will be contrasted against Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan, John Locke’s Second Treatise, and John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty. The literature works of the political philosophers mentioned previouslyRead More2.1 The Birth Of Free Speech . It Is Difficult To Pinpoint1267 Words   |  6 Pagestime of ancient Greeks, freedom of speech has always been an indispensable condition of what it means to be a free person. The first known martyr to the principle of free speech was Socrates. In 399BC before his jury to city state of Athens he was tried for corruption the morals of Greek youth and he said that he would rather be convicted than suffer restrictions on his free speech. Free speech became more developed during the Enlightenment period by scholars such as John Locke, Baruch Spinoza, PierreRead MoreEssay Kant vs. Mill: Human Rights and Utilitarianism1729 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding philosophical theories in the past. This paper looks at the theories of two philosophers, Emmanuel Kant and John Stuart Mills, and how their teachings can be used to explain the sources of human rights. Kant’s moral philosophy is very direct in its justification of human rights, especially the ideals of moral autonomy and equality as applied to rational human beings. John Stuart Mills’ theory of utilitarianism also forms a solid basis for human rights, especially his belief that utility is theRead MoreConstitutional Issues And The Scope And Character Of U.s. Government3303 Words   |  14 Pages Government 2 Freedom of speech, Barendt (2005) mentioned, is one of the basic rights of any human being. The entitlement to express one’s opinion and view on anything without the fear of being harassed or penalized by the authority is ensured by this act. For many centuries common people were denied this right. Even now many countries prohibit its citizens to practice this fundamental right. USA is one of the countries, which is known for being vocal about civil rights and freedom. Therefore itRead MoreLiberal Perspective of a State7979 Words   |  32 Pagespromotion and protection of human freedom and equality and ensuring of human happiness. Liberalism meant the removal of traditional distinctions that were imposed on people. Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of the principles of liberty and equal rights, but most liberals support such fundamental ideas as constitutionalism, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights, capitalism, free trade, and the freedom of religion. These ideas areRead MoreQuestions On The Theories Of Justice2659 Words   |  11 Pageslater, these theories of justice will necessarily be implied in the founding documents and covenants of major social institutions in western civilization. Justice: Utility In its most basic definition, utilitarianism argues, â€Å"The right thing to do is to produce the most good.† According to John Stuart Mill, â€Å"‘utility’ or the ‘greatest happiness principle’ requires that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. ThereforeRead MoreJurisprudential Theories on IPR13115 Words   |  53 Pagesproperty, such as: 1. Natural Rights/Justice Argument: this argument is based on Locke’s idea that a person has a natural right over the labour and/or products which is produced by his/her body. Appropriating these products is viewed as unjust. Although Locke had never explicitly stated that natural right applied to products of the mind,[34]  it is possible to apply his argument to intellectual property rights, in which it would be unjust for people to misuse anothers ideas.[35]  Lokeans argument for intellectualRead MoreEssay about What Is Distributive Justice?5286 Words   |  22 Pagesjust are what is set forth. The next set of principles is the feminist principles that offer very distinct versions of every theory. The last of the principles is the methodology and empirical beliefs about distributive justice most notably stated by John Rawls. He brought the method of wide reflective equilibrium to philosophy (â€Å"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy†). The international doctrine of human rights says, â€Å"Everyone has a right to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family

Constitutional and administrative law Free Essays

string(208) " the category of procedural impropriety which deals with an allegation that the public body has not used the processes and procedures required in order to make the decisions that it has made \(Oliver 1987\)\." Abstract New legislation relating to the licensing of tyre disposal centres has resulted in several situations where the decisions of the public authority are in question. As a result judicial review is being considered as to whether the actions of the public authority could be deemed to be illegal, irrational or procedurally inaccurate. The Tyre Waste Act enacted by Parliament in 2012 has given powers to the Secretary of State to undertake certain administrative tasks such as the licensing of tyre storage and their destruction. We will write a custom essay sample on Constitutional and administrative law or any similar topic only for you Order Now A statement was also made that any decisions on the part of the Secretary of State cannot be challenged in a court of law, and the Secretary of State is given wide discretionary power under the statutory provisions. With this in mind and following certain concerns by three different companies, as well as a pressure group, the question has arisen as to whether or not the powers exercised by the Secretary of State in these scenarios could be subject to judicial review. Introduction The paper here will look, firstly, at the legal principles associated with judicial review, including identifying who may bring an action to judicial review and the grounds for such action, before applying this to the set of facts presented in relation to the individual entities in this case study. Judicial Review – Rules Judicial review provides a procedure whereby an individual or relevant group of individuals can bring an action in court to argue that a public body acted in an unlawful manner (IRC, 1982). Broadly speaking, judicial review will fall into one of three categories: where a public body has acted illegally, i.e. failing to apply the law in the relevant manner; has acted irrationally by making a logical decision; or has undertaken some form of procedural impropriety which means that it has not followed the correct procedure. Where an action for judicial review is successful, the court may then quash the act undertaken by the public body or may require it to review the situation or may refrain the body from acting in the manner that it has been acting, previously. A typical example of this would be a declaration by the High Court that the public body had acted in an unlawful manner and would therefore require it to act differently, in the future (Fulham Corporation 1921). Firstly, it is noted that judicial review is available against a decision made by a public body and, in this case, the Secretary of State for the Environment is a public body making public decisions and would therefore be potentially subject to judicial review, regardless of the statement that it cannot be held accountable in court (Hampshire Farmers Market Ltd., 2004). The individual bringing the action must also have sufficient standing in order to make the application (as defined by Section 31(3) of the Senior Courts Act 1981). In accordance with this section, it is stated that the permission shall not be given to bring an action, unless it is considered that the applicant has sufficient interest in the matter to bring the action (Gough, 1993). Having been allowed to bring an action to judicial review, the next stage is to identify the grounds for challenge of the public authority’s behaviour. Each of the three grounds will be looked at in turn, as each is potentially relevant, in this case. The classification of the grounds that will be discussed here was first established in the Minister for the Civil Service case decided in 1985. Under the heading of illegality, there are several grounds for challenge, with one of the most common aspects of this being where there are allegations that the legislation has been misinterpreted (Anisminic 1969).Crucially, a decision can be deemed to be illegal for the purposes of judicial review, if the decision making body has ignored relevant considerations, or is taking irrelevant considerations into account when making decisions. This is particularly relevant when it comes to a situation whereby the public authority has a relatively high level of discretion in applying the rules and regulations by which it is guided. It is however noted that where the public authority is taking into account legally relevant factors and the decision they make is ultimately rationale this cannot then be queried simply because one of the parties does not agree (ex parte Westminster City Council 1986). L Diplcok also placed a large emphasis on the second ground for challenging the actions of the public body which is on the basis of irrationality. He stated that the decision would be deemed to be irrational if it could be seen as â€Å"so, outrageous in its defiance of logic or accepted moral standards, that no sensible person, whether applied his mind to the question that have arrived at it.† (Associated Provincial 1948)This ground for judicial review is somewhat different than the other two in that it looks at the substance of the decision, but will only allow for judicial review where the decision is outrageous and again, not simply because one of the parties disagree (Barnett 2010). Secondly, also under the umbrella issue of irrationality is that of proportionality meaning that the public body needs to make proportional decisions in order to achieve the underlying aim of the powers given to the public authority. For example it may be seen as disproportionate to prevent a particular protest march from taking place where it would have been possible to protect public safety by simply choosing an alternative route. Proportionality is seen as being particularly relevant when it comes to the European convention on human rights is also an issue that is dealt with when looking at decisions relating to the application of the European convention on human rights under UK law. Fundamentally therefore, where the public body has acted in a way that is disproportionate this could be used as an example of irrationality and therefore offer an opportunity for judicial review (Daly, 2001). Finally there is the category of procedural impropriety which deals with an allegation that the public body has not used the processes and procedures required in order to make the decisions that it has made (Oliver 1987). You read "Constitutional and administrative law" in category "Essay examples" A distinction is drawn between a procedural requirement which is perceived as being mandatory and a simple direction with any breach of a mandatory requirement allowing for judicial review on the grounds procedurally proprietary. There are also rules associated with natural justice, which are linked to procedural requirements and where it has been a breach of natural justice it is likely that judicial review of the procedurally proprietary will be allowed (Lloyd, 1987). For example, there are specific rules of natural justice, which ensured that no bias is shown and that each individual has the right to a fair hearing. An individual will have a legitimate expectation of how their case shou ld be dealt with and a failure to offer the opportunity to have a fair hearing could result in procedural impropriety (Nottinghamshire CC 1986). Unlike other countries there is not a general requirement under English administrative law to give reasons for decisions however it may be required by statute to provide reasons and this would then prevail. Rules relating to legitimate expectation are also likely to be relevant as it is only reasonable that individuals form expectations on how their own situation will be treated and failure to comply with this can result in procedural impropriety (Fairmount 1976). Once an action for judicial review is successful, there are several different remedies which may be available, including a declaration of incompatibility as well as options for the court to nullify the decision made by the public authority by the requirement for the relevant authority to revisit their decision and to comply with the public authority duties that are relevant (Liverpool Corporation 1972). Bearing in mind the various different issues associated with judicial review the position in relation to the four possible claims for judicial review will be looked at in turn. Alpha Ltd (A) Two decisions have been made that A is confused by. These issues are firstly, the refusal to offer a grant for the recycling expansion due to environmental concerns and secondly, the requirement to cease trading due to the lack of licence. A stores no more than 1000 tyres at a time and these are shredded within 12 months. Schedule 1 (B) states that a licence is not required where the tyres are stored for less than 12 months and there are less than 1000 stored at any point in time. Based on this interpretation it would seem irrational that the Secretary of State for the Environment failed to allow the exemption to apply and this would result in a declaration being made and the position having to be re-considered. By contrast it is simply stated that a recycling grant would require the applicant to show that the waste to be recycled will not be harmful to the environment. It is argued here that the belief by the Secretary of State that the chosen recycling approach by A would be harmful and as such it would be appropriate to refuse the grant and could not be deemed to be irrational or disproportionate as it would seem reasonable to disallow a grant that would potentially support some form of non environmentally friendly approach. Beta Ltd (B) An application for a licence has been rejected by the Secretary of State by B as it is using technologies that are seen to be safe and have been proved as such in Germany but has not gained approval in the UK as is required under the statutory provisions. This presents a reasonably difficult position when it comes to judicial review as it could be argued that the Secretary of State has followed the requirements under the statutory provision yet has potentially acted in a disproportionate manner and has failed to take into account the tests that have taken place in Germany. Despite the potential argument of irrationality that B could put forward, it is suggested on balance that the Secretary of State has followed the processes contained within the statutory provisions and therefore it is unlikely that judicial review will be successful in this situation. Gamma Ltd (G) G has also been refused a licence despite having a strong environmental record. G was initially afforded a licence automatically however this was reneged and G was told to apply for a licence which was ultimately refused due to the previous investigations relating to the theft of tyres, this was not an environmental issue. It is also suggested that bias is being shown as the decision maker was involved in the original investigation. Bearing both of these points in mind it is suggested that the judicial review would be successful on the grounds of procedural improprietary on the grounds of bias as well as illegality as the rules contained within the statutory provision have not been applied appropriately with the relevant investigations needing to be environmental in nature if a licence is to be rejected. Tyred Out (T) T is a special interest group looking at environmental issues associated with the disposal of tyres and is arguing that Delta (D) should not be granted a licence due to a poor environmental record. Firstly it is concluded based on the concepts of material interest that T is able to bring an action for judicial review as it has sufficient interest. Secondly it has been put forward by the Secretary of State that a licence was granted based on the devastating potential on the employment in the area despite poor environmental records. It would be necessary to look therefore whether the decision was rational and proportionate, something which it is suggested based on the facts here that the decision was indeed appropriate and could not be deemed irrational. Discretion is given to the Secretary of State and this discretion has seemingly been applied appropriately making it unlikely that judicial review will be successful. Conclusions By looking at the specific rules and applying this to the four scenarios presented, it could be seen that there are mixed results with judicial review being likely to be successful in the case of Gamma Ltd and partly in relation to Alpha Ltd but would be unsuccessful in the other areas. References Anisminic Ltd v.Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147 Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v. Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223) Attorney-General v. Fulham Corporation, ex relatione Yapp [1921] 1 Ch 440, Barnett, H (2010) Constitutional Administrative Law, Taylor Francis Bradley, A.W. and Ewing, K.D., (2003) Constitutional and Administrative Law, Pearson. Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for Civil Service [1985] AC 374 Fairmount Investments Ltd v. Secretary of State for the Environment [1976] 1 WLR 1255 IRC v. NFSESB [1982] AC 617. Lloyd v McMahon [1987] AC 625 Nottinghamshire CC v. Secretary of State for the Environment [1986] 1 AC 240 Oliver, D (1987)†Is the Ultra Vires Rule the Basis of Judicial Review[1987] P.L. 543 R(Daly) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2001] 2 AC 532 R (on the application of Beer) v. Hampshire Farmers Market Ltd [2004] 1 WLR 233 R v. Gough [1993] AC 646 R v. Liverpool Corporation, ex parte Liverpool Taxis [1972] 3 WLR 224 How to cite Constitutional and administrative law, Essay examples Constitutional and Administrative Law Free Essays Introduction ‘In British constitutional theory and practice there is a clear-cut distinction between law and convention. Law derives from common law and statute, and is enforceable by the courts. Convention derives from constitutional principle and practice and is not enforceable by the courts. We will write a custom essay sample on Constitutional and Administrative Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Law remains in force until changed by statute. Convention may change with changing times. Law, at least if statutory, is ascertainable in precise form. Convention is often imprecise and may be nowhere formulated in categorical terms.’ (Professor H.W.R. Wade) Is this an accurate explanation of the distinctive nature of law and convention in relation to the British constitution? Professor H.W.R Wade produced a statement highlighting a clear-cut distinction between the nature of law and convention in relation to the British Constitution. Throughout this essay I shall critically asses the validity and accuracy of his explanation by taking an in depth look at key concepts, doctrines and comments to evaluate whether a distinction exists between the nature of law and convention. Whilst Britain does not have a single codified document called ‘The Constitution’, it would be deceptive to assert that the constitution is unwritten. Indeed, Britain’s constitution has been cultivated from multiple key constitutional sources which make it possible to approach a description of the constitution. These sources can be found in the decisions of the courts in the form of dictum or in the interpretation of statute. With Britain being a member state of the European Union part of the constitution can emanate from EU Law, the Royal Prerogative, and a distinct part is found in historical arrangements and practices known as conventions. I shall be focusing primarily on the nature of law and conventions, in relation to the British constitution in order to assess whether a distinctions is visible between the two constitutional sources. Professor Wade asserts that â€Å"Law derives from common law and statute, and is enforceable by the courts. Convention derives from constitutional principle and practice is not enforceable by the courts†. Accordingly, it would be just to establish that from a precise detailed point of view, this statement can be seen to be contentious. This is primarily because Professor Wade highlights that the â€Å"Law derives from common law and statute† however what he seizes to base emphasis on is the mere fact that conventions set a key agenda in the crafting of statute and common law reasoning; in the words of Sir Ivor Jennings â€Å"conventions provide the flesh which clothes the dry bones of the law†[1] Thus, evidently the legal hierarchy of the British constitution is everywhere penetrated, transformed and inherently effected by an inevitable element of convention, and a failure to adhere to an important convention might lead Parliament to cast a disputed practice int o legislative form. An example of this is The Parliament Act 1911, which was enforced after the House of Lords exceeded conventional limits on its power, rejecting, in 1909, a finance bill (Lloyd George’s ‘People’s Budget’). This consequently undermines, to some extent, the clear-cut distinction Professor Wade respectively explains, in that, if conventions are so interconnected in the cultivation of the natural form of law as mentioned above then a distinction cannot be clear-cut or even made, and this connection will always bind the natural law and conventions. Evidently the natural form of law is enforceable by the courts. Professor Wade makes a distinction here between the nature of law and convention by stating that â€Å"Law is enforceable by the courts†¦.Convention is not enforceable by the courts† The issue here arises with regards to the validity of this statement. Are conventions indeed distinctly dissimilar to the nature of law in that they are not enforceable by the courtsIndeed, conventions are rules and are part of the constitutional order, interrelated and interwoven to some extent, however relatively distinguishable from the natural form of law as Professor Wade asserts. The key distinction is in the nature of the enforcement and of the sanction. As mentioned above the natural form of law is inherently enforced in the courts; however it could be debated as to whether conventions are fully applied in courts (discussed further below), conventions are most certainly non-legal but nonetheless binding rules of constitut ional behaviour. A good example of this is the convention of ministerial responsibility. It is a convention which holds ministers wholly and individually responsible to Parliament. If a minister knowingly misleads parliament for example he or she will be expected to resign from office. If no resignation is forthcoming the minister would be acting unconstitutionally and NOT illegally. A court of law could not compel a resignation in this situation. Nonetheless, in the case of R. v Secretary of State for the Home Department Ex p. Hosenball[2] the court had relaxed the rules of natural justice â€Å"for the protection of the realm† in a case were the Secretary of State had considered information that Mr.Hosenball, while resident in the United Kingdom, had sought and obtained for publication information harmful to the security of the United Kingdom. This case proves that the courts were willing to shape up the natural form of the law and enforce a convention for public interest in order to ensure the security of the ‘realm’. A key point to address in this case was that the Secretary of State had not arguably acted fairly in that Mr.Hosenball was denied a fair trial. In today’s court this would infringe article 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998. Therefore, it would be fair to establish that in today’s courts the judiciary would have taken a different approach to tackling the aforementioned case. So is Professor Wade accurate in explaining that a distinction between the nature of law and convention exists on the basis that law is enforceable by the courts and convention is notCertainly the above case contradicts to this to some extent; however a reluctance of the modern courts to enforce conventions has crafted this distinction, making Professor Wade’s distinction relatively accurate on this basis. However as highlighted by the convention of ministerial responsibility a distinction can be formed between a convention and the natural form of law on the basis that acting unconstitutionally differs from acting illegally as highlighted above. Professor Wade explains that a distinction exists between the nature of law and convention on the basis that â€Å"Law remains in force until changed by statute, and convention may change with changing times†. Accordingly Professor Wade is to some extent right in this distinction, in that we have seen numerous acts of parliament being superseded and changed by more modern statutes. Furthermore, it would be fair to establish that courts accept the validity of the acts of Parliament and have validated the concept of Parliamentary Sovereignty, and although the courts do not directly challenge legislation passed down by Parliament, a strong part of the constitution comprises of common law and not solely statute law, particularly in certain cases involving private law including tort and contract law. Thus to some extent it could be inaccurate and problematic to assert that â€Å"law remains in force until changed by statute†. Furthermore, Professor Wade, establishes that â€Å"conventions may change with changing times†. He is indeed relatively accurate in making this statement, as proven by the ‘Widdicombe Convention’ which was formally recorded to resolve any conventional ambiguities with regards to the media and publicity campaigns. This convention was effectively the result of the growing media and the influence it had on society. This convention inherently proves the accuracy of Professor Wade’s explanation that ‘conventions may change with times’. However the legitimacy of this distinction is inaccurate in a sense on the grounds that even the law may change with time, after all, this is why we have a parliament and a superior court system. With changes in society comes change in the law, this is the basic foundation of any competent legal system. Alas, this asserts that Professor Wade’s distinction is relatively inaccurate as both the natural form of la w and conventions change with time in order to sufficiently meet the ever changing needs of our society. Another distinction Professor Wade explains in his statement is that the â€Å"law, at least if statutory, is ascertainable in precise form, convention is often imprecise and may be nowhere formulated in categorical forms† To some extent it can be rather contentious to assert that statutory law is precise in its form. This is merely because a broad term may be used in a statute which can give rise to confusion and uncertainty, developments in society can make the words used in a statute out of date and they may no longer cover the current situation. An example of this is in Section 53, Coroners and Justice Act 2009 c. 25[3]. However the important distinction made here is the statement asserting that â€Å"conventions are often imprecise and may be nowhere formulated in categorical form†. A good authority which validly contradicts to this inaccurate distinction is the convention of ministerial responsibility which is included in the Ministerial Code, which is issued upon appointment to all ministers by the Prime Minister. The convention clearly sets out the conventions and codes of practice as a minister. Thus, in conclusion after critically assessing Professor Wade’s explanation of the distinctive nature of law and convention in relation to the British constitution I have established that some of the distinctions he explains are more accurate than others. Initially the Parliament Act 1911 proved that failure to adhere to an important convention might lead Parliament to cast a disputed practice into legislative form which undermined Professor Wade’s explanation, and proves that convention can indeed constitute into law. Furthermore the case of R. v Secretary of State for the Home Department Ex p. Hosenball[4] proved that a convention could to some extent be enforceable in order to ensure the protection of the ‘realm’. I also established that Professor Wade was accurate in asserting that a â€Å"convention may change in time† as proven by the Widdicombe Convention, however his distinction could be seen as inaccurate as even the natural form of law can be changed in time to suit the needs of society. The convention of ministerial responsibility’s clarity contradicts Professor Wade’s distinction which stated that â€Å"that convention is imprecise in comparison to the precise form of law†. Therefore the aforementioned examples highlight that Professor Wade’s respective explanation although rightful in some aspects; the distinctions made can seem too broad and relatively inaccurate in some arspects in defining a convention and comparing it to the natural form of law. Bibliography Ward, R. (1997) Cases on Constitutional Administrative Law 4th edition, Pitman Publishing Horsey, K. (2009) Tort Law, Oxford University Press Leyland, P. (2007) The Constitution of the United Kingdom, Hart Publishing Turpin, C. (2007) British Government and the Constitution 6th edition, Cambridge University Press How to cite Constitutional and Administrative Law, Essay examples

Romeo And Juliet Tragic Hero Essay Example For Students

Romeo And Juliet Tragic Hero Essay One of the oldest and most debated questions of all time is whether our livesare governed by fate or by our personal choice. William Shakespeare, in Romeoand Juliet, brings this question to the surface. Although fate seems to controlwhat happens to Romeo and Juliet their choices contribute more to theirfate than fate itself. Although some reasons that Romeo and Julietdie are out of their control fate is not the largest reason that the lovers endup dying. For example, when Romeo hears of Juliets death before he is told thatit is being faked. Romeo heard of his loves death and rushed to her side tokill himself so he may lye with Juliet. The choice to kill himself is his alone,no one forces him to do it. The unfortunate circumstance that stops the Friarsassistant from delivering his message also aids the death of the lovers butdoes not cause it. Romeo doesnt need to hear of the Friars and Julietsdeception to stop them from dying. If he hadnt have done anything drastic theywould both hav e been alive and well. Also, Juliet could have told people abouther marriage to Romeo, accepted the consequences and then there would be no needfor the fateful message. Still, fate or circumstances above theircontrol do play a large role in determining the fate of the two young lovers. Itseems like Romeo and Juliet have the curse of bad luck throughout this story. Fate seems to cause Mercucio to be killed by Tybalt under Romeos arm. Thiscauses Romeo to want to avenge Mercucios death and Romeo then slays Tybalt. Hence, Romeo is forced to leave Verona or die and therefore one morecircumstance out of their control contributes to their deaths. This situation isput on Romeo without his consent. Romeo and the choice whether or not to avengeMercucios murder. Tybalt does not attack Romeo. Romeo goes after Tybalt withthe intent to kill him. To take it a step further, Romeo could stay in Veronaand face the wake of his actions. Many times Shakespeare refers tofate as being the reason that they died. When the Chorus uses thephrase Star-crossed lovers(1,1,6), this indicates WilliamShakespeares thoughts on what kills Romeo and Juliet. This tell the audiencethat Romeo and Juliet are destined for trouble. Romeo saying I am fortunesfool(3,1,145) after he kills Tybalt further emphasizes the point. Romeokills Tybalt yet he tries to blame fortune instead of blaming himself. He saysthat fortune tricked him and he fell for it. The unlucky manage of thisfatal brawl (3,1,154), spoken by the Prince after he hears a bout the deathof Tybalt confirms that Shakespeare feels that luck is what determines whathappens. The fact that they were from feuding families that hated each other andthey still continued the relationship. Yet, Shakespeare doesnt tell about thepoor judgement that the two young teenagers use. He tries to make it seem thatthey had no choice in the matter. What really plays the biggest part in theirdeath is not fate but the decisions of the two adolescents. Many choicescontributed to the end of Romeo and Juliet. Romeos choice to go to the Capuletparty where he met Juliet was one example of their choice. He knows that hisfamily and Juliets family hate each other. Still, he goes to their party fullyknowing what might happen. Furthermore, Romeo chose to seek after Juliet and tocontinue to see her. He could have just left and not have returned to her houseand gone to her balcony. By making this choice he sets up all the problems thatoccur later. Even if the later events happen by chance and it seem as if fatewas the reason that they died, their choices put them in that position. .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d , .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d .postImageUrl , .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d , .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d:hover , .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d:visited , .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d:active { border:0!important; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d:active , .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u05db3bb0aab7e61288e9b6e106a78a7d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Miracle Babby EssayAlthough, Romeo pursued Juliet he isnt the only reason that they die. Julietschoices play a large part in deciding their end. Romeo woos Juliet but Julietcould have resisted. When he sends for her to marry him, she can decide not toshow up. They also could be honest and tell their parents. The parents might notlike it but at least Romeo and Juliet wouldnt die. When Juliet chooses to drinkthe potion and not go with Romeo and leave Verona she makes a way for chance tocome into play. She could have left and lived with Romeo, but she

Methanol As Fuel Essays - Industrial Gases, Fuel Gas,

Methanol As Fuel This section is about methanol fuel cells for our future. Since I have done this research I have never realized how important future fuels are. Methanol is a liquid fuel made form natural gas or renewable biomass resources. Methanol is the leading candidate to provide the hydrogen necessary to power fuel cell vehicles. The commercialization of methanol-powered fuel cells will offer practical, affordable, long-range electric vehicles with zero or near zero emissions while retaining the convenience of a liquid fuel. By 2004 they say or even sooner, fuel cells operating on methanol will power a variety of cars and buses in the U.S and worldwide.( www.mehanol.org) Methanol is predoninantly produced by steam reforming of natural gas to dcreate a sythesis gas, which is then dfed into a reactor vessel in the presence of a catalyst to produce methanol and water vapor. Although a variety of feedstock's other than natural gas can and have been used, today's economics favor natural gas. Synthesis gas refers to combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen while a large amount of synthesis gas us used to make methanol, most synthesis gas is used to make ammonia. As a result, most methanol plants are adjacent o or are part of ammonia plants. The gas fed into another reactor vessel under high temperatures and pressures, where monoxide and hydrogen are came in the presence of a catalyst to produce methanol. Finally, the reactor product is distilled to purify and separate the methanol from the reactor effluent. (wwwadfc.nrel.gov.) "(Washington, D.C., January 28) A study by the environmental engineering firm Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. finds far fewer environmental threats from using methanol in fuel cell vehicles, compared to gasoline's use for internal combustion engines. In addition, a video presentation on methanol and the environment produced by the Public Interest Video Network will be premiered at "The Road to Fuel Cell Vehicles: A National Forum" being held on February 4th and 5th at the Hotel Washington in Washington, D.C" (www.methanol.org) Methanol will probably be transferred from import terminals or production facilities by barge, rail, or truck to eventually reach retail outlets. While the alcohol fuel is a liquid at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressures, the cannot be moved easily through the existing petroleum product market network. "The world's major automakers have all announced plans for the market introduction of fuel cell vehicles by 2003/2004. These fuel cell vehicles will require a source of hydrogen fuel. As a liquid fuel rich in hydrogen, methanol is the leading candidate to power tomorrow's fuel cell cars and buses. A comprehensive needs assessment should be performed to determine how best to provide methanol fuel to an emerging market for fuel cell vehicles." (www. The American Methanol Foundation" From the information gathered it seems that methanol is the number one candidate for future fuels for leading car manufactures. It is also nice to know that the government has plans to figure In addition, this assessment will attempt to forecast methanol fuel direction and tools for consumer education efforts regarding the use of methanol in fuel cell vehicles.

Smartphone activity Essay Example

Smartphone activity Essay Example Smartphone activity Essay Smartphone activity Essay Activities I once saw a person trying to talk, text, check social media, and watch a video at the same time. When I asked, why are you doing all of those activities at once? They answered because they could and It would save time. New smoothness are able to carry out many more tasks at once, so It becomes a self challenge to see how many thing can you do at once. There is a variety of activities you can do with smartened. Some of these activities can be useful and productive, but some can be just time consuming. After talking with Delta College students I think I see a common pattern to what they do on their phones. Its similar I mean to say. Even people who are different from one another will be doing the same activities on their phone. This is a result of networks and media promoting and using their influence to make people want to use their application or product. Beginning with social media, it is one of the most time consuming and well know activities today. Social media itself can be classified as different applications Like Faceable, Twitter, and Mainstream. Everyone with a phone has at least one If not all of these on their phones. And I asked one of the people I talked with, Why do you have this on your phones Janice said that she really didnt know why, but It was Just the thing to have and everyone is doing it. That reminded me of something annoying that parents would say. But that is a common response. When something is popular, it draws people in. That goes for most of the trends that have become popular throughout the years. And it is no doubt that a new media is going to come and become the new thing that everyones on. Testing is the other activity that takes a lot of time away from the day, but is doesnt seem like it does. For example, my friend Jose whenever we hang out and he has his phone I ask, What are you doing? He replies, Someone Just tested me. Tested! Now there is a word that probably wasnt used 10 years ago. And testing is the new method of communication instead of actually talking to someone. This Is for sure people have almost forgotten what a call Is, and Its now weird to call someone. And really I dont remember when testing became popular. It just seems like it always was. However, testing has created a real problem, which is the pedestrian. So many of the students at Delta will walk around testing as they walk which causes people to walk into each other or really sometimes hurt themselves. And for people who dont text and walk it becomes our Job to dodge the oncoming pedestrians. Why text and walk? Just sit down finish testing and then go to where you need to go, but its different now. People are always in rush. It is always, l dont have time for that or Im running late. People are saying these things more and more often now. Next gaming on phones, another thing that Just recently became famous. It was always there even on older phones, but as the smartened came and began to advance, games became popular. Now every phone has a gaming app on It, and you can buy more on the App Store. Some are even free. This Is Like what my friend Andrea says, its free to get you addicted. Then youll end up buying it next. This is Crush Saga. Its hard to imagine what will come next. Its amazing how popular things get with Just word of mouth. Like Just a year ago, Floppy Bird was a very simple and fisticuff game. People talked about how hard it was, this Just brought people to play it to find out what it was all about. Many games have become popular from Just word of mouth and no advertising. Because of popularity and people playing it, it becomes all the more attractive to people with phones. Next is Music and video on your phone. It used to be that music was either downloaded on your phone or you would search and then listen to it. Also with videos, they were either downloaded or searched, but now its different. There has come an application revolution. Any of your needs can be met by a specific app. Youth is an Internet website turned app and now one of the most popular entertainment providers ever. One of the reasons is its free and many people have joined in, so there is a wide variety of videos to watch and music to listen to. Recently though, Youth has turned all video because of Pandora, Spottily, and other APS like it, which are all music oriented. Another craze that was started by Youth was the random funny video, which later was copied by other APS like Vine. It is astounding hat when something is popular how many people copy it all for the sake of a little fame. I think watching randomly would get boring, but what I call boring my friend Andrea calls the reason for life. And like him other people I know will go on to see only one thing in particularly but will end up doing and watching many other things for hours. All of these activities make up the time students spend on their phones. And when I say activities, there are quite a few, and I only wrote about some popular APS and games. There are a ton of other types of APS and other things that make up the activities on peoples phones. The time spent on an electronic device like a phone or a computer has increased, and I believe will keep increasing as technology advances. Whether that is a good thing or a bad thing is for you to decide, but its hard to be unbiased. We all have our own biases and prejudices, our own likes and dislikes, but I have yet to meet someone who has a smartened and doesnt want it, like it, or use it. Why this is? That is a good question and only can be answered by a person who likes their phone but knows it very time consuming and a little bit unnecessary.

The 5 Sectors of the Economy

The 5 Sectors of the Economy A nation’s economy can be divided into various sectors to define the proportion of the population engaged in different activities. This categorization represents a continuum of distance from the natural environment. The continuum starts with primary economic activity, which concerns itself with the utilization of raw materials from the earth, such as agriculture and mining. From there, the distance from natural resources increases. Primary Sector The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth, such as raw materials and basic foods. Activities associated with primary economic activity include agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying. The packaging and processing of raw materials are also considered to be part of this sector. In developed and developing countries, a decreasing proportion of workers is involved in the primary sector. Only about 2 percent of the U.S. labor force is engaged in primary sector activity today, a dramatic decrease from the mid-19th century when more than two-thirds of the labor force consisted of primary-sector workers. Secondary Sector The secondary sector of the economy produces finished goods from the raw materials extracted by the primary economy. All  manufacturing, processing, and construction jobs lie within this sector. Activities associated with the secondary sector include metalworking and smelting, automobile production, textile production, the chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding. In the United States, a little less than 15 percent of the working population is engaged in secondary sector activity. Tertiary Sector The tertiary sector of the economy is also known as the service industry. This sector sells the goods produced by the secondary sector and provides commercial services to both the general population and to businesses in all five economic sectors. Activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, health care, and law. In most developed and developing countries, a growing proportion of workers is devoted to the tertiary sector. In the United States about 80 percent of the labor force is tertiary workers. The Bureau of Labor Statistics puts non-agriculture self-employed into its own category, and that accounts for another 5 percent of workers, though the sector for these people would be determined by their job. Quaternary Sector Although many economic models divide the economy into only three sectors, others divide it into four or even five sectors. These final two sectors are closely linked with the services of the tertiary sector. In these models, the quaternary sector of the economy consists of intellectual activities often associated with technological innovation. It is sometimes called the knowledge economy.   Activities associated with this sector include government, culture, libraries, scientific research, education, and information technology. These intellectual services and activities are what drives technological advancement, which can have a huge impact on short- and long-term economic growth. Quinary Sector Some economists further subdivide the quaternary sector into the quinary sector, which includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy. This sector includes top executives or officials in such fields as government, science, universities, nonprofits, health care, culture, and the media. It may also include police and fire departments, which are public services as opposed to for-profit enterprises. Economists sometimes also include domestic activities (duties performed in the home by a family member or dependent) in the quinary sector. These activities, such as child care or housekeeping, are typically not measured by monetary amounts but contribute to the economy by providing services for free that would otherwise be paid for.

HIV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

HIV - Essay Example al., 2005). That notwithstanding, the assertion that HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders afflicts even those HIV patients whose immunological and virological status is high is not entirely true. The effects of these disorders and all other concomitant consequences differ among patients based on their immunity (Sanmarti et. al., 2014). It is optimistic for the article to state that the adverse health effects of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders can still help in the study of HIV-related brain injury. Lewis et. al. (2009) agrees with this claim asserting that neuropsychological tests have not been able to study all brain injuries. There is a need for standardization and homogenization of neurocognitive tests and the exposition of this need is a unique contribution of this article (Eden et. al., 2010). Finally, the suggestion that there is a need to determine the individual contribution of individual comorbidities to the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders is insightful (Letendre et. al., 2004). The knowledge of the contribution of individual comorbidities can help design treatments that can help prevent escalation into these disorders. Eden A., Fuchs, D., Hagberg, L., Nilsson, S., Spudich, S., Svennerholm, B., Price, R.W. & Gisslà ©n, M. (2010). HIV-1viral escape in cerebrospinal fluid of subjects on suppressive antiretroviral treatment. J Infect Dis, 202:1819 – 1825. Letendre, S.L., McCutchan, J.A., Childers, M.E., Woods, S.P., Lazzaretto, D., Heaton, R.K., Grant, I., Ellis, R.J., HNRC Group. (2004). Enhancing antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus cognitive disorders. Ann Neurol,56:416– 423. Mellgren, A., Antinori, A., Cinque, P., Price, R.W., Eggers, C., Hagberg, L. & Gisslà ©n M. (2005). Cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 infection usually responds well to antiretroviral treatment. Antivir Ther,10:701–

Foreign Market Entry and Diversification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Market Entry and Diversification - Essay Example Participation in the hospitality industry is proposed as the appropriate diversification destination for the company as contained in this discussion. This report highlights the details of conducting a diversification plan for the business into a relatively related business line, owing to the growth status of the mainstream business. Justification As illustrated, shifting from the transport portfolio into the hospitality component as proposed for purposes of business congruence in terms of succession of operations demonstrates the logic behind the proposal. Considering the operations standing and status in the American market coupled with the present expansion ambitions across the borders, the hospitality industry appears to support growth as anticipated. The role of business complementarity for the two portfolios is for purposes of soaking up risk exposure and provides nurturing to the developing business in a direct version (Lawton & Weaver, 2009). Due to the demands of a new busine ss line of operations with respect to overseas presence as a long-term diversification concept, providing the nexus in synergies of related business in the complementarity concept augurs well with growth prospects. Similarities of the travel industry and hospitality business in terms of services needed for both private and business packages provide synergies in business operations. Exploiting the nature of opportunities availed by the hospitality industry to the travel component offered by the travel agency line of current operations present upward trajectories in growth projections (Borein, Rowe & Smith 2002). As an illustration, visitors into the City of New York require accommodation, meals, entertainment and leisure products that have traditionally originated from other hospitality businesses with which the company partners. Hospitality component entails venturing into property ownership across the world’s target cities in America, Europe, Middle East and Africa as well a s Asia Pacific to support the business model. Rolling out property ownership pushes the diversification component into a long-term consideration, apart from a few New York City pilot project considerations. Diversification of the hospitality and travel agency components will require a couple of years and extensive property market research across the world. The first foreign market for entry with the new model as deliberated is India, due to the vibrant economic and tourism growth coupled with relatively affordable property transactions. India as an emerging economy in the world today provides excellent attention to investors that provided a lucrative opportunity for business travel for the vast business territory. The centrality of India for Asian markets extending to the Pacific region will facilitate future diversification of the transport component into the sea and luxury travel component involving yacht and cruise ship famous as central regional business lines. Growth supported in the vibrant economy will facilitate entry into Middle East and Africa as other potentially beneficial opportunities (Lovelock && Wirtz, 2009). As expected in certain markets to provide an opportunity for a single functionality, entry with one component will also form part of the expansion and diversification strategy. As an illustrati

Lack of Responsibility Kills Essay Example for Free

Lack of Responsibility Kills Essay When it comes to the battle between obesity among Americans and fast food chain companies, fast food falls hard for the one to blame. For many years, big food companies have been constantly under attack from health advocates and consumers for the contribution of growing waistlines, chronic diseases and lack of exercise in the United States. Of course, it is easy to blame fast food corporations given the ubiquity, proximity convenience and low cost of food options available. But who really is the one to point the finger at? We, the consumers, are fully responsible for what enters our mouths. No individual should sue any restaurant company from getting fat from eating their food. A decline in physical activity and a rise in more sedentary lifestyles have made it more difficult to balance food intake with energy spending in the last generation, leading to overweight people. It wouldnt be such a big deal if the problem were simply aesthetic. But excess weight takes a terrible toll on the human body, significantly increasing the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, diabetes, gall-bladder disease, osteoarthritis and many forms of cancer. The total medical tab for illnesses related to obesity is $117 billion a year. According to the Surgeon General, and the Journal of the American Medical Association reported in March, poor diet and physical inactivity could soon overtake tobacco as the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S. And again, Americans recognize the problem but do not seem to want to change. In the TIME/ABC poll they rated obesity alongside heart disease, cancer, AIDS and drug abuse as among the nations most pressing public health problems. Consumers attitude toward fast food has changed since there is a wide assortment of factors at work ranging from fewer sit-down meals, much more snacking, more latchkey kids who make their own food decisions without supervision. Consumers, as well as parents (kids are also falling victim to the obesity rates), need to engage in personal responsibility when it comes to consuming an abundant amount of fast food instead of putting the obesity blame on fast food franchises. Obesity and fast food chains were never an issue back in the day; Americans seem to have taken advantage of the easy availability and cheap prices of many unhealthy foods. The human lifestyle and diet 4,000 years ago seem to have changed dramatically over the years where our ancestors ate and drank in the healthiest way possible as nomadic hunter-gatherers. 50%-80% of food came from plants, and 20%-50% came from animals (The World is Fat 18). Chronic disease, diabetics, obesity, heart disease and even cancer were unknown. In the 1950s, less than 100 million Americans were overweight and obese individuals. People used to have to do daily activities that were extensive just to live their everyday lives like cooking food from scratch, walking most places and doing most things by hand rather than using technological machines to do it for them. Food wasnt easy to get if you were poor. Walking somewhere was still common regardless of appliances such as dishwashers and ovens, and in 1960, only about 13.3 percent of people in America were obese, according to the University of Iowa Hospitals Clinics. And things havent been moving in a promising direction. Just two decades ago, the incidence of overweight in adults was well under 50%, while the rate for kids was only a third what it is today. From 1996 to 2001, 2 million teenagers and young adults joined the ranks of the obese. People are clearly worried. A TIME/ABC News poll released June 2004 shows that 58% of Americans would like to lose weight, nearly twice the percentage that felt that way in 1951. But only 27% say they are trying to slim down and two-thirds of those arent following any specific plan to do so. Americans love and strive for flavor and bigger portioned sized foods that’s fast and easy to attain, that is where fast food corporations come in place. Americans now are taking advantage of the big ger, cheaper and faster foods that it has become a national problem. So, where do we draw the line between self-control and responsible business practice? For the past 10 years, McDonald’s and other fast foods chains have been victimized with numerous lawsuits because they either â€Å"got consumers fat, hypnotized kids or bribed with deals and promos† (Fast Food 19). In 2003, the United States district court for the Southern District of New York responded to a complaint filed against McDonald’s by a class of obese costumers (Fast Food 18). In 2011, sixty-four year old Martin Kessman filed a lawsuit against the fast food company, White Castle and was seeking unspecified financial damages against the fast-food chain, claiming that his local White Castle is in violation of the Americans With Disabilities Act because the seating could not accommodate a customer of his size, keep in mind this man ate at White Castle on a regular basis. These frivolous and unnecessary lawsuits against corporations show the ignorance of many irresponsible Americans who cannot control their eating habits. It is not right to sue a fast food company based on the fact that consumers knowingly and voluntarily consumed the foods from McDonald’s knowing that the foods McDonald’s serves were in fact high in cholesterol, fat, salt and sugar. Consumers voluntarily spend over $100 billion annually on fast food per year. (Fast Food 8). The famous documentary, Supersize Me, shows Morgan Spurlock consuming McDonalds every day, 3 days a week. This of course led him to gain a significant amount of weight and develop some health complications. Spurlock makes his point by a way of exaggeration, he tells us something that we already know, fast food is bad. Of course it will be bad because he ONLY consumed fast food and nothing else, he did not eat anything healthy and did not exercise, all of this was done voluntarily. Should consumers eat fast food on a daily or even a weekly basis? The answer is simply no. Today Americans eat an extra 300 calories per day than in 1985 (Buzzle). When this trend occurs we get overweight Americans, and that is exactly what we are dealing with. 500 million Americans are now obese and an additional 6 or 7 million are â€Å"morbidly obese† (Chew on This 209). With this ridiculous amount of unhealthy people, you would think there would be a solution. And there is, lawsuits. Americans decide to turn to their lawyers for their ignorance and blame corporations for something that is obviously done by their own will. Consumers are too ignorant and blind to understand what it’s their mouth. We cannot deny that people are eating more and are getting fat, but that does not prove that fast food franchises are the culprit. Kids today are suffering severely and falling victim to obesity because of many unhealthy diets that are being practiced in their own home. Parents bring home the importance of food safety, quality and nutrition. When this habit continues to occur it leads to kids becoming teens who make poor choices who in turn leads to obese adults and a lifetime of health problems. Children in the United States are gaining more weight than ever before. They’re eating too much high-fat, high-sugar food and are spending less time be ing physically active. In 1989-1996 kids caloric intake became 80-230 extra calories per day (Food Inc. 225). The diets of American children don’t meet nutritional recommendations. In 1997, American children obtained about 50% of their calories from added fat and sugar while 1% of them resemble portions of food pyramid (Fast Food 29). At this early age kids can show early signs of health problems and of course obesity. A quarter of kids age 5-10 show premature warning signs for heart disease such as high cholesterol and high blood pressure with unhealthy eating habits, physical inactivity and obesity (Food Inc. 229). Weight problems that develop during childhood can lead to weight-related illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes. So, is parent’s lack of responsibility for their children’s food habits the one to blame? Of course, one thing kids will unfortunately experience is variety. With all the fast food chains serving the same stuff no matter where in the US. Parents with obese kids are struggling with a horde of problems when it comes to their childs weight. They range from a lack of education about nutritional food, not knowing how to cook and limited money to buy healthier food, to longer working hours and marketing campaigns for junk food aimed at kids. But the more sedentary and lazy lives children now have are also creating huge problems. Type 2 diabetics actually increased in children when a study conducted in Cincinnati should that type 2 diabetics went up tenfold from 1982 to 1994. 75% of junior school children preferred to stay at home than go to their nearby park (Child obesity: Why do parents let their kids get fat). Watching TV was one of the most popular activities, with 89% saying it was how they liked best to spend their time away from school, according to researchers Lightspeed. In July, scientists from University of Montreal claimed that by the age of ten, toddlers had added inches to their waistlines each week they spen d an extra hour in front of the television. Parents need to, from the start, control the eating and overall lifestyle of their children. It is dangerous for the future of the children to get used to such a risky addiction. Not only are we and our children eating more, but we are also exercising less. Lack of exercise is another factor to lack of responsibility. Fewer American adults today work in jobs that require physical labor. People drive to work in cars, rather than walking or biking; they take elevators instead of stairs; they use vacuum cleaners rather than brooms; and they cut the lawn with riding rather than push mowers. All of these simple changes reduce the amount of energy used to perform the tasks of daily living. A typical office worker today walks only about 3000 to 5000 steps in their daily activities. In contrast, in the Amish community where driving automobiles and using electrical appliances and other modern conveniences are not allowed, a typical adult takes 14000 to 18000 steps a day. The overall incidence of obesity in the group is only 4%. With 46.9% of the population meeting Physical Guidelines for aerobic/cardio physical activity (Exercise and Physical Activity). The problem for individuals is that willpower is not enough. We live in an environment where theres food every half mile. Its tasty, cheap, convenient, and you can eat it with one hand. We, the consumers, need not only to cut back on calories and fast food, we need to get active in any possible way we can to increase our health. Although simpler sounding on words then it is to actually pursue, exercise is Americans biggest challenge. Imagine a 7-year-old boy named John who, his whole has been given to-go fast food meals as his daily dinner at home. John has always been overweight for his age. As John has entered his teen’s years, he has become a hectic straight A student who studies constantly but never has time to make his own meals at home. John drives to local fast food joints and spends about $70 per week on his in-between-studies meals. Although, he has never worried about the way he looked and no matter what it has never occurred to him to want to change his eating habits, he continues to eat fast food on a regular basis. He consumes about 1,200 calories more than he is suppose to. Now being a grown adult with a settled job and cozy suburban home, he continues to eat unhealthy. No exercise is ever incorporated into his daily routines. He enters a McDonalds and stares blankly at the menu and clearly sees the sign that McDonalds has introduced a new Premium Caesar Salad with Crispy Chicken Strips but John chooses to ignore it because he thinks going to McDonald’s for a salad is like asking a prostitute for a hug. It just doesn’t make sense. He orders a Big Mac meal that costs him around $9.25 and around 1,130 calories (including drink), this does not bother John because this simple meal tastes great and satisfies his hunger and appetite (keep in mind John ate this meal in-between lunch and dinner so he has eaten more calories with breakfast, lunch and dinner). Oh, and why not make it supersized for 2 dollars more, he won’t be hungry till 2 hours later. John continues this routine for about two more months; he feels extremely tired and out of breathe just walking down the stairs of his home. He also has major pains in his hips and knees only to think this is due to age. As the shortness of breath and joint pains begin to intensify, John finally decides to go to the doctor to get a check-up. His result, John is morbidly obese and has developed osteoarthritis, which is the reason for the joint pains. He also has a respiratory problem that causes his shortness of breath. John is outraged at how he could develop such a health problem. He blames McDonalds for giving him such a horrible and negative effect on his health. He plans to sue the fast food company. Does John win his case? No, he does not. With his irresponsible lack of a healthy diet or exercise, he does not have a fair case against McDonald’s. His overweight and health i ssues are due to his irresponsible lack of awareness to his body and his lifestyle. McDonald’s is not the one to blame; he had the choice to eat unhealthy. No one is forcing him to consume fattening foods. The real culprits in his obesity problems (as well as many other obese Americans) are lack of personal responsibility and its henchmen, gluttony and sloth. What really causes obesity besides the overconsumption of food? Genetics is one factor. Some common forms of obesity are probably the result of variations within a large number of heritable genes between families. Obesity risk is 2-3x higher for a person with a history of obesity as oppose to someone with no family history. Genetic studies have shown that the â€Å"particular set of weight-regulating genes that a person has is by far the most important factor in determining how much that person will weigh† (The Real Cause of Obesity). The heritability of obesity, which shows how, many genes is a factor to obesity versus other factors is the same as the heritability of height. Also, many psychological disorders can lead to obesity as well. The basis of eating disorders and obesity usually lies with mixtures of psychosocial and environmental attributes. Individuals who suffer from psychological disorders (e.g. depression, anxiety, and eating disorders) may have a tough time managing control of their consumption of food, exercising an adequate amount, and maintaining a healthy weight. Those with weight problems can use food as a relieving mechanism, particularly when they are sad, anxious, stressed, lonely, and frustrated. In many obese individuals there appears to be a random cycle of mood disturbance, overeating, and weight gain. When they feel distressed, they turn to food to help them feel better which in turn leads to obesity (Psychological Risk Factors of Obesity). The culprits responsible for Americas progressively expanding waistline have little to do with the usual suspects popularized by the media. Many Americans believe Fast Food is the main culprits for obesity because of the clever tactics and unknown ingredients they use to get costumers to buy and their food and make them wanting more later. Fast food companies outnumber actual restaurants because it is affordable, easy to attain, big portioned and delicious. With the United States being the most obese nation, it has also become the nation that craves flavor and variety. Many turn away from greens because of its unappealing taste and lack of flavor. Fast Food companies produce food with flavor and hunger satisfying taste. Many become angry because of the effective advertising done on TV, ads, giveaways and deals. But what really angers consumers most are the chemicals they put in their food that makes it so delicious and irresistible. Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate pesters, PAPs, are chemicals that line fast-food packaging to make it grease- and waterproof, this leads to a number of health problems including cancer and liver disease. Dimethylpolysiloxane, a type of silicone, is added as an anti-foaming agent to McDonald’s chicken nuggets. This is the same ingredient that is used in breast implants and silly putty. Sodium Phosphate, which acts like a foam agent to many types of meat, is constantly used in many fast food joints. Dyes (red and yellow) behavioral attributes. Along with the mystery chemicals that go into fast food for its flavor, companies also supersize or increase the portions of their meals. During 1970s, marketing director of McDonalds corporations, David Wallerstein, determined that consumers would by more of a food item if sold in larger sizes and costs weren’t high. Portions increased from since 1980s to about 5x larger, which includes the drinks and side orders (Buzzle). A supersized coke, big mac and fries takes about 7 hours to burn with walking, now imagine people actually eating this without any exercise. We’ve been supersizing what we eat and that’s what consumers can’t get enough of. Many blame fast food for numerous health problems as well; asthma, strokes, type 2 diabetics, cancer, and cardio vascular disease. I myself have fallen victim to fast food, for example when I go on road trips with the family, we have no time to sit down and have a proper breakfast since we have to get on the road right away. We stop by a McDonalds because their breakfast is cheap and quick since we can eat it in the car. Also, it is no coincidence that fast food chains are everywhere where there are colleges and schools as well. College educated people or not poorly educated Americans are the most rapid growth in BMI between 1970 and 1990 (Fast Food 20). Obesity in college students in 1970 increased to 163% with many students claiming that with so much hectic studying and no time to eat, fast food is close by and quick to eat. So, it is no joke as to why people would blame fast food for their health troubles, since it is easy to attain and delicious but with many deadly ingredients. Personal responsibility is all it takes to decrease obesity. We live in a supersized world but as they say bigger is not always better. Fast food companies should not be blamed for obesity and instead be blamed on the consumers for lack of self-control. Fast food may look delicious but if people are aware of the health problems that are in the food, why do some continue to consume it regularly. Many need to take responsibility for their actions instead of taking it out on the companies by filing ridiculous lawsuits. No one forces us to eat a burger. It is not fast food that kills it is lack of responsibility that kills.

Myth Or Reality, Todays Perception On Monsters :: essays research papers

Myth or Reality, Today's Perception on Monsters Monsters, which are seemingly just myth and fantasy, do have some truths to their legend. In fact, some creatures may have actually existed and still do today, even though they should not be percieved as monsters. What if the stories of a giant "ape-like" creature that have circulated over the globe for centuries were true? There have been numerous sightings and first-hand accounts of this creature everywhere in the world, from the United States to the Himalayas. One of the more famous sightings took place at Bluff Creek in 1967. Roger Patterson and a friend were horse back riding when they saw a huge hair covered creature. It began to run away when it noticed the two men, but not before Roger shot some film of the creature. The creature that was filmed was a female, while you cannot see in this view, breasts are clearly visable in other frames of the film. Scientists who have studied the film have said that the estimated stride of the creature is larger than that of a man. They also say it would have been very difficult for a man to simulate this larger stride. Footprints were the same type as typically found at a Bigfoot sighting. A more recent sighting of Bigfoot took place last year on July 11, in the Wild Creek area in the foothills of Snoqualmie National Forest.The picture was obtained from the photographer bt Cliff Crook, the director of Bigfoot Central. The cameraman was out on a hike when he heard splashing coming from the stream below him. He then found himself face to face with the creature. Usually after most sightings, footprints of the usually large creatures can be found. Footprints have been found everywhere including at these two mentioned sightings. The length of the prints has varied between 1' to 2.5' indicating from scientific study that Bigfoot could be as tall as nine feet. Also the deep inprint that is left indicates that the creature could weigh as much as 600 pounds. Researchers at Ohio State University hope to come within a hair of verifying the existence of Bigfoot. Scientists are using a new DNA matching process to determine whether there may be more to the Sasquatch legend than some blurry film footage and a few giant footprints. The evidence consists of two tufts of hair, each withabout a dozen individual strands, recovered in Washington State after a recent sighting. "This is the first time that I'm aware of that anybody will be able to do any DNA extractions

An experimental engine

AbstractionAn experimental engine with an electrohydraulic camless valvetrain, capable of entire valve gesture, was foremost conceived by the Ford Research Laboratory. Engine with an electrohydraulic camless system neither uses Cams, nor springs, which reduces engine tallness and weight. Hydraulic force both clears and closes the valves during the valve acceleration possible energy of tight fluid is converted into kinetic energy of valve gesture during slowing the energy of valve gesture is returned to the unstable convalescence of kinetic energy is the key to the low energy ingestion. Rather than open and shut the valves with conventional system camless engine employs an electro-hydraulic actuator mounted above the valves. The usage of electrohydraulic actuators eliminates an figure of expensive high preciseness and heavy constituents for the motor including the Cam shaft, rocker weaponries and springs, cam bearings and support constructions including caps, clocking cogwheel, push rods or in the instance of an overhead Cam engine, the belt or concatenation and miscellaneous cogwheels, and lubrication channels and ports. Because of this characteristics valve gesture has become independent. This permits an optimisation of valve event for each operating status without any via media1. IntroductionThe purpose of all attempts is release from a restraint that has handcuffed public presentation since the birth of Internal -Combustion Engines more than a century ago. The engines powering today ‘s vehicles rely on a system of valves to acknowledge fuel and air to the cylinders and allow the fumes to get away after burning. Revolving steel camshaft with preciseness -machined egg shaped lobes, or Cams are the difficult tooled â€Å" encephalon â€Å" of the system. The bulk of conventional automotive engines operate with a valvemotion fixed to the crankshaft rotary motion through the mechanical linkage of the rocker, pushrod, camshaft, and the timing concatenation. Like a really simple package plan that contains merely one set of direction, the Cam ever open and shut the valves at the same precise minute in each cylinders invariably during the shots. They do so irrespective of whether the engine is tick overing or whirling at soap revolutions per minute. As a consequence, optimal public presentation can be achieved at merely one velocity The clash loss of Cams, dependant and inflexible valve train operation, have oning of Cam its inefficient and noisy operation were some of the Parameters which every 1 has to compromise until a new attack of Camless engine was developed. In recent times, the turning demand to better fuel economic system and cut down harmful fumes emanations forced the engine interior decorators to earnestly see alternate methods of valve operation Camless engine is an engine replaced with a to the full variable camless propulsion system which allows complete control of mass transportation into and out of the engine cylinder.the engine uses actuators, detectors and microprocessors to command the lift of valves harmonizing to runing conditions. it gives programmable flexibleness in commanding the engine events. The system offers a continuously variable and independent control of virtually all parametric quantities of valve gesture control this permits optimisation of valve events for each operating conditions without any via media2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTHistory shows that the thought of a camless internal burning engine has its beginnings every bit early as 1899, when designs of variable valve timing surfaced. It was suggested that independent control of valve propulsion could ensue in increased engine power more late, nevertheless, the focal point of increased power has broadened to include energy nest eggs, pollution decrease , and dependability. Their designs have taken on a assortment of signifiers, from electro-pneumatic to electro-hydraulic These designs are based on electric solenoids opening and shutting either pneumatic or hydraulic valves. The controlled fluid so actuates the engine valves. A comprehensive undertaking utilizing solenoid control of pneumatic actuators was completed in 1991 This research included the development of the actuators, a 16 spot microprocessor for control, and comparative testing between a standard Ford 1.9 litre, spark ignition, port fuel injected four cylinder engine and the same engine modified for camless propulsion.3. CAMSHAFT TECHNOLOGYSince the inception of the car, the internal burning engine has evolved well. However, one invariable has remained throughout the decennaries of ICE development. The camshaft has been the primary agencies of commanding the valve propulsion and timing, and hence, act uponing the overall public presentation of the vehicle. The camshaft is attached to the crankshaft of an ICE and rotates comparative to the rotary motion of the crankshaft. Therefore, as the vehicle increases its speed, the crankshaft must turn more rapidly, and finally the camshaft rotates faster. This dependance on the rotational speed of the crankshaft provides the primary restriction on the usage of camshafts. As the camshaft rotates, Cam lobes, attached to the camshaft, interface with the engine ‘s valves. This interface may take topographic point via a mechanical linkage, but the consequence is, as the Cam rotates it forces the valve unfastened. The spring return closes the valve when the Cam is no longer providing the gap force. Figure 3.2 shows a schematic of a individual valve and Cam on a camshaft.Since the timing of the engine is dependent on the form of the Cam lobes and the rotational speed of the camshaft, applied scientists must do determinations early in the car development procedure that affect the engine ‘s public presentation. The ensuing design represents a via media between fuel efficiency and engine power. Since maximal efficiency and maximal power require alone timing features, the Cam design must compromise between the two extremes. Acknowledging this via media, car makers have been trying to supply vehicles capable of cylinder inactivation, variable valve timing ( VVT ) , or variable camshaft timing ( VCT ) . These new designs are largely mechanical in nature. Although they do supply an increased degree of edification, most are still limited to discrete valve timing alterations over a limited scope.4. ADVANTAGES OF CAMLESS ENGINESElectrohydraulic camless valvetrain offers continuously variable and independent control of all facet of valve gesture. This is important promotion over the conventional mechanical valvetrain. It brings about a system that allows the independent programming of valve lift, valve unfastened continuance and arrangement of the event in the engine rhythm. Therefore making an engine with wholly uncompressed operation to boot, the ECV system is capable of commanding the valve speed, selective valve inactivation and vary activation frequence. It besides offers advantages in packaging. Freedom to optimise all parametric quantities of valve gesture for each operating status without via media. It consequences in better fuel economic system, higher torsion and power, improved idle stableness, lower exhaust emanation. A more elaborate reappraisal of expected betterment associated with optimisation of operation is given belowECV System is holding ability to command the consumption, which reduces the throttling loss. Pumping loss is the major factor doing the comparatively low rhythm efficiency of S.I. engines. Ability to command the consumption valve timing can alter solution. In this instance to cut down the engine burden below the maximal the variable late or early consumption valve shutting to cut down the volume of air in the cylinder at the beginning of compaction. The engine air flow is therefore reduced betterment in low velocity torsion can besides be achieved.To accomplish good rhythm efficiency, most of the burning is taken topographic point in the early phase s of enlargement shot due to utilize of ECV system because of faster burn rate. By detaining the gap of the consumption valve pass the top dead centre ( TDC ) , until the Piston acquires important down stroke velocity, increases the recess air speed & A ; provosts the faster burn rate. So better commixture, leaner air/fuel ratio improves the fuel efficiency & A ; reduces CO emanation.Optimization of valve timing outputs a flatter torsion curve due to betterment in volumetric efficiency. So low velocity torsion & A ; an mean torsion increases over the full sped scope. Engine torsion at high can be increased due to pound bear downing. An electronic control system senses the alterations in the engine velocity & A ; continuously adjusts the valve closing to accomplish the best via media between random-access memory bear downing & A ; compaction ratio at each velocity.With camless operation, a exactly late or early consumption valve shutting can be used to cut down the in-cylinder air co mpaction & A ; prevent knock. This can be good in turbocharged and supercharged engines. A conventional turbocharged engine can use merely a fraction of useable energy contained in its fumes at high velocity. In that a significant portion of fumes gas must short-circuit the turbocharger to forestall inordinate recess air force per unit area and temperature, which could do the engine to strike hard, this is called wastegating The decrease in the volume of air trapped in the cylinder is compensated for by an addition in the recess air force per unit area. So rhythm efficiency improves. Optimize enlargement ratio & A ; internal fumes gas ordinance consequences into the fuel efficiency & A ; decrease in the fumes gases.The effectual enlargement ratio is determined by the timing of the exhaust valve gap. Normally the fumes valve begins to open good in progress of BDC ( bottom dead centre ) to supply adequate clip for the cylinder blow down at high engine velocity. This makes effectual en largement ratio less than it would be if the timing to the BDC. At low velocity nevertheless at that place much more clip for the blow down and the overly early fumes valve gap is uneconomical. With variable exhaust valve clocking this lack can be eliminated by retarding the exhaust valve opening at low velocities and in general optimising the timing as the map of the engine velocity. much faster motion of engine valves in Cam less engine permits the rated of exhaust valve opening even at high velocities, the low velocity gap occur about at BDC. Increased enlargement shot work increases the torsion and particularly at low velocities improves the engine efficiency.Exhaust gas recirculation ( EGR ) straight affect the residuary gas fraction in the cylinder High quality of residuary gas lower the peak burning temperature and therefore reduces the measure of N oxides produced during burning ability to change the timing of exhaust valve shutting eliminated the demand for an external reci rculation.Advancing the fumes valve shutting before the TDC permits to retain the last part of gases go forthing the cylinder, on the other manus the fumes valve gap is well retarded a certain measure of fumes gas is sucked backed into the cylinder from the fumes port by downward traveling the Piston on its early portion of the consumption shot in. Therefore changing the timing of closing controls the measure of residuary gas in the cylinder.In camless engines with a variable valve lift & A ; lift of both recess & A ; exhaust valves can be reduced with the ryduction in engine velocity. Since the energy consumed by the valvetrain goes with the decrease in the valve shot, changing the valve lift as map of the engine velocity can better fuel efficiency at lower velocity.Speed of the recess air is increased which leads to faster burn rate. In camless engines holding two-inlet valves independent fluctuation of lift of each consumption valve varies the distribution of the air flow among t he valves. This provides the elusive agencies of polishing the air flow in the cylinder. Exhaust choking can be achieved by cut downing the fumes valve lift.Ability to tune the valve convergence every bit good as valve lift offers an chance to take down idle velocity & A ; therefore achieve a important decrease in fuel ingestion. Volumetric efficiency is improved hence variable valve speed can be achieved irrespective of the velocity of crankshaft. Significant sum of energy can be saved.Deactivating some of the engine cylinders forces the staying cylinders to run at higher burden to keep the given engine end product. The higher burden reduces specific fuel ingestion. The camless engine control system can selectively deactivate any brace ( recess or fumes ) of hydraulicly coupled valves at any clip by merely disrupting the electric signals to the several control solenoids. This besides applies to fuel injectors, inactivation of valve and fuel injector selectively deactivate single cy linder Deactivation of some of the engine cylinders leads to important betterment in fuel economic system and hydrocarbon emanationCamless system can deactivate valves & A ; cylinders for period every bit short as one rhythm. Ability to selectively jump single fire can be used to better fuel ingestion & A ; exhaust emanations during portion burden operation.Camless engines can supply a really effectual dynamic backup of the vehicle. This can be done via combination increased activation frequence valve inactivation. To execute dynamic endorsing the fumes valves & A ; the fuel injectors are deactivated while consumption valves are opened during each down shot of the Piston. When the consumption valve opens, a blow down of the compressed back into the consumption manifold takes topographic point. Alternatively of being dumped into the ambiance, the tight air can be pumped into a reservoir & A ; so used for engine boosting during vehicle acceleration. This provides regenerative backup, which improves fuel economic system.Camless valve train eliminates the demand for many mechanical constituents, such as camshafts, sprockets, bearings, tappets, springs, etc, which take up a batch of infinite on the top of the cylinder caput. As a consequence, the tallness & A ; the weight can be lower than those of comparable engines with cam-driven valves. There is no such limitation in the camless engines, each valve can busy any place in the cylinder caput, and this creates extra design chances for spacing the valves about the burning chamber.5. Working OF CAMLESS VALVETRAIN:5.1 Hydraulic pendulum: –The Electro hydraulic Camless Valve train ( ECV ) provides continuously variable control of engine valve timing, lift & A ; speed. It uses neither Cam on spring. It exploits the elastic belongingss of a tight hydraulic fluid, which moving as a liquid spring, accelerates & A ; decelerates each engine valve during it ‘s opening & A ; shutting gestures. This is the rule of the hydraulic pendulum. Like a mechanical pendulum, the hydraulic pendulum involves transition of possible energy into kinetic energy & A ; so back into possible energy with minimal energy loss. During acceleration, the energy of the valve gesture is returned to the fluid. This takes topographic point both during valve gap & A ; shutting. Convalescence of kinetic energy is the key to the low energy ingestion of this system. The figure 5.1 shows the hydraulic pendulum construct. The system incorporates high & amp ; low-pressure reservoirs. A little dual acting-piston is fixed to the top of the engine valve that rides in the arm. The volume above the Piston can be connected either to the high or to the low-pressure beginning. The force per unit area country above the Piston is significantly larger than the force per unit area country below the Piston. A hard-hitting solenoid valve that is unfastened during the engine valve acceleration & A ; stopping points during slowing controls the engine valve gap. Opening & A ; shutting of a low-pressure solenoid valve controls the valve shutting. The system besides includes high & amp ; low-pressure cheque valves. During the valve gap, the high-pressure solenoid valve is unfastened, & A ; the net force per unit area force forcing on the dual moving Piston accelerates the engine valve downwards. When the solenoid valve stopping points, force per unit area above the Piston drops, & A ; the Piston decelerates forcing the fluid from the lower volume back into the hard-hitting reservoir. Low-pressure fluid fluxing through the low-pressure cheque valve fills the volume above the Piston during slowing. When the downward gesture of the valve stops, the cheque valve closes & A ; the engine valve remains locked in unfastened place. The procedure of the shutting is similar in rule to that of valve gap. The low-pressure solenoid valve opens, the force per unit area above the Piston drops to the degree in the low-pressure reservoir, & A ; the net force per unit area force moving on the Piston accelerates the engine valve upwards. Then the solenoid valve stopping points, force per unit area above the Piston rises, & A ; the Piston decelerates forcing the fluid from the volume above it through the hard-hitting cheque valve back into the hard-hitting reservoir. The hydraulic pendulum is a spring less system figure 5.2 shows idealized graphs of acceleration, speed & A ; valve raise versus clip for the hydraulic pendulum system. The valves move with changeless acceleration & A ; slowing due to absence of springs. This permits to execute the needed valve gesture with much smaller net drive force, than in systems, which use springs. In spring lupus erythematosus system the engine valve is the lone traveling mass. to minimise the changeless drive force in the hydraulic pendulum the gap & A ; shutting accelerations & A ; slowing must be equal. To accomplish a symmetric hydraulic pendulum following relationship must be maintained between the valve geometry & A ; the forces moving on the valve.6. VALVE OPENING & A ; ShuttingThe valve gap & A ; shutting is the six-step procedure, & A ; in each measure an analogy to mechanical pendulum is shown. In measure 1 the gap ( high-pressure ) solenoid valve is opened, the high-pressure fluid enters the volume above the Piston. The force per unit area above & A ; below the Piston become equal, but because of the difference in the force per unit area countries, the changeless net hydraulic force is directed downwards. it opens the valve & A ; accelerates it in the way of the gap. The other solenoid valve & A ; the two cheque valves remain closed. In measure 2 the gap solenoid valve closes & A ; the force per unit area above the Piston drops, but the engine valve continues its downward motion due to its impulse. The low-pressure valve opens & A ; the volume above the Piston is filled with the low-pressure fluid. The downward gesture of the Piston pumps the hard-hitting fluid from the volume below the Piston back into the hard-hitting rail. This recovers the some of the energy cheapness was antecedently spent to speed up the valve. The ratio of the high & As ; low force per unit area is selected so, that the net force per unit area force is directed upwards the valve decelerates until it exhausts its kinetic energy & A ; its gesture Michigans. In measure 3 at this point the gap cheque valve closes & A ; the fluid above the Piston is trapped. This prevents the return gesture of the Piston, the engine valve remains fixed in its unfastened place trapped by hydraulic force per unit area on the both sides of the Piston. This is called as unfastened dwell place. In measure 4 valve shutting begins. The shutting ( low-pressure ) solenoid valve opens & A ; connects the volume above the Piston with low-pressure rail. The net force per unit area force is directed upward & A ; the engine valve accelerates in the way of shutting, pumping the fluid from the upper volume back into the low-pressure reservoir. The other solenoid valve & A ; the other two cheque valves remain closed during acceleration. In measure 5 the shutting solenoid valve closes & A ; the upper volume is disconnected from the low-pressure rail, but the engine valve continues its upward gesture due to its impulse. Rising force per unit area in the upper volume opens the hard-hitting cheque valve that connects this volume with the high-pressure reservoir. The upward gesture of the wall Piston pumps the fluid from the volume above the Piston into the hard-hitting reservoir. While the. increasing volume below the Piston is filled with the fluid from same reservoir. Since the alteration in volume below the Piston, the net flow of the fluid is into the hard-hitting reservoir. Again as it as the instance during the valve opening energy recovery takes topographic point. Therefore in this system the energy recovery takes topographic point twice each valve event. When the valve exhausts its kinetic energy its gesture Michigans, & A ; the cheque valve stopping points. Ideally this should ever co-occur with the valve sitin g on its place. This is nevertheless hard to accomplish. A more practical solution is to convey the valve to a complete halt a fraction of millimetres before it reaches the wall place & A ; so briefly open the shutting solenoid valve once more. This once more connects the upper volume with the low-pressure reservoir & A ; the high force per unit area in the lower volume brings the valve to its to the full closed status. Measure 6 illustrates the valve seating. After that the, shuting solenoid valve is deactivated once more. For the remainder of the rhythm both solenoid valves & A ; both check valves are closed, the force per unit area above the valve Piston is equal to the force per unit area in To heighten the ability of changing intake air gesture inside the cylinder unequal valve lift of the two consumption valves is used. This besides facilitates shutting of one valve while other remains unfastened. This can besides be done in instance of two exhaust valves. The lift qualifier is used to curtail the gap of one of the mated valves. The conventional representation of the lift qualifier is as shown in the figure 6.7 The qualifier is really a rotatable rod with its axis perpendicular to the plane of paper. It is installed in the cylinder caput between the two intake valves.The communicating chamber is connected to the high-pressure reservoir. As shown in instance A when the qualifier is in the impersonal place, both valves operate in unison. In the instance B the qualifier is turned through 90 & A ; deg ; clockwise senses. In instance C the lift of one of the valve is reduced comparative to other.7. Operation OF SYSTEMIn camless engine the control of valve train is done by microprocessors such as Phillips 80C552 microprocessor constructed on a wire wrap board along with the needed interfacing circuitry. The detectors sense the status of the engine and give end product signal to the microprocessor which gives feedback signal to the actuators which controls the lift of the valves so that coveted public presentation is obtained7.1 Microprocessor: –Using a Philips 80C553 microprocessor based on the Intel 8051 architecture. Provide high velocity end products RS232 communications, multiplexed parallel IO High velocity timers and counters, two external interrupts, four registry Bankss for fast interrupt handling. The processor has to take several existent clip inputs and bring forth a figure of end products.Input signals are:Single pulsation for every revolution of the crankshaftSingle pulsation for every grade of revolution of the crankshaftEnd products:Signal for commanding the solenoid valve to open and shut the recess.Signal for commanding the solenoid valve to open and shut the fumes.Signal to command the ignition timing7.2 Detectors: –Crank Angle Sensor / Single Revolution Sensor Is the most critical feedback constituent in the system. It measures the crankshaft angle and supplies it to the micro accountant to decrypt the place of the crankshaft. Two separate trigger mechanisms. Therefore two end products. One signal for a individual cylinder revolution and another signal for every grade of the crankshaft rotary motion. ( 360 slots in the trigger disc ) The detector consists of a twosome of optical pick-up LEDs that decode the slot signals into a 0-5 V square wave type signal. They count the figure of revolutions that occur in a given sum of clip to mensurate the revolutions per minute. Magnetic manner pickups are much more dependable than optical manner pickups. The grouch angle detector is used to mensurate the engine velocity, ignition angle, convergence, and recess valve unfastened angle. An inverting Schmitt trigger for faster borders shapes the end product pulse wave form. The lambda detector is utile in tunning the overlap period. The lambda detector reading gives a utile indicant if the fumes valve closed excessively late in the period of convergence, therefore leting unburnt fuel to get away. Less O fluxing through the exhaust manifold additions fuel efficiency and creates less pollution. A thermal resistor was used to mensurate the engine temperature. A thermal resistor is a temperature dependent resistance. To mensurate the throttle place a potentiometer was used in a electromotive force splitter constellation.7.3 I/O Interface: –Two informations acquisition cards have been designed utilizing 82C55 programmable peripheral interface IC ‘s. Each card is connected to the computing machine ISA port and has three bi-directional 8bit ports. Address decryption is done through a brace of 74LS138 decipherers. The I/O base reference can be in the scope 300-31CH merely by turning on one of the eight dipswitches. Along with the 3 8bit ports there is a connexion to the Personal computer ‘s +5V, +12V and land tracks. Reading and composing informations to and from the ports is done through C++ _inp ( ) and _out ( ) maps. The chief purpose of the V.V.T. Engine Management System package plan is to expose and log engine parametric quantities for all right tunings an engine. The engine measurings are taken by a assortment of detectors and interfaced to a computing machine through hardware. The package is written in Visual Basic and Visual C++ . Ocular Basic does non hold its ain input/output port read/write maps, where as C++ does, hence the reading and composing maps are written in C++ and compiled into a DLL with Visual C++ . These maps can be called from any Visual Basic application. A Dynamic Link Library ( DLL ) is a library of maps able to be called by an application at runtime. The application and maps within the DLL are non bound until the application plan is executed. Ocular Basic tonss DLLs when the signifier that contains their Declare statement is loaded. By utilizing a assorted linguistic communication theoretical account both Visual Basic and C++ are used for their strengths. C++ is used to execute port I/O port communications and Visual Basic for its ability to acquire a user interface available for requirement proving rapidly.8. Design APPROCHThe camless engine is designed on the footing of conventional four cylinders, four-valve engine. Here head holding to the full integrated camless valve train assembly replaces original cylinder caput incorporating conventional valves, camshafts, springs. A belt driven hydraulic pump is added in topographic point of camshaft. As there is no demand of lubrication entree for engine oil from engine block is closed.8.1 Head: –It is aluminum casted. The casting is accomplished by all hydraulic transitions linking the system constituents. High and low force per unit area reservoirs are integrated in the caput. The Hydraulic fluid is wholly separate from engine oil system. Fluid force per unit area is maintained at deliberate value of 9Mpa. Besides at lower degree it is supplemented with engine coolant. The engine valves are buried wholly in cylinder caput. The solenoid valves are kept on top of caput. All the connexions of Hydraulic pump and Electric accountant are at the back terminal of cylinder caput. Two transverse subdivisions of the cylinder caput are shown in the figure. 8.1.1 and 8.1.28.2 Components8.2.1 Engine Valve: –Here the valve Piston is attached to the top of the valve. Both the valve and Piston are able to skid inside a arm. Sleeve gaps are provided above and below the valve Piston leting hydraulic fluid into consumption or exhaust port. There is tight hydraulic clearance provided between the valve and the arm. But the clearance between arm and cylinder caput is comparatively big. This agreement improves the focus of the valve in its place. The valve is subjected merely to axial tonss. This reduces stresses ; clash and wear. Hydraulic fluid circulated through the Chamberss lubricates and cools the engine.8.2.2 Solenoid Valve: –The solenoid valve has conically shaped magnetic poles. This reduces the air spread at a given shot. The usually closed valve is hydraulicly balanced. A strong spring is required to obtain speedy shutting clip and to cut down escap es between activations. Faster the solenoid valve closing, better the energy recovery. Highest energy losingss occur while shutting of high or low-pressure solenoid valve, as it occurs at highest Piston speed. The valve lift and the place diameter are selected so as to minimise the hydraulic losingss with a big volume of fluid delivered during each gap. Both high force per unit area & A ; low-pressure valves are of same design. fig 8.2.2 shows c/s of the valve8.3 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM8.3.1 High Pressure Pump: –Ability to fit the measure of fluid delivered by the high force per unit area pump with the existent demands of the system at assorted engine velocities and tonss is critical in guaranting low energy ingestion. To conserve mechanical energy needed to drive the pump, its hydraulic end product should be closest to the need.The pump used has a individual bizarre driven speculator and a individual usually unfastened solenoid valve. During each down shot of the speculator barrel is filled with fluid from low-pressure side of the system. Similarly during upstroke of the speculator fluid is pushed back into the low-pressure subdivision every bit long as solenoid valve is unfastened. Closing the solenoid valve causes plunger to pump the fluid through the cheque valve into hard-hitting side of the system. Hence fluctuation in solenoid electromotive force pulse causes fluctuation in measure of high force per unit area fluid delivered by the pump during each revolution.8.3.2 Low Pressure Pump: –A little electrically goaded pump picks up the oil from the sump and delivers it to the recess of the chief pump. Merely a little measure of oil is required to counterbalance for escape loss, and to keep equal recess force per unit area for the chief pump. If any extra oil is pumped it returns to the sump through a low-pressure regulator. A cheque valve assures that recess is non subjected to any fluctuations in force per unit area that may8.4 Cool Down Accumulator: –The system is supplemented with a cool down collector, which functions to keep force per unit area of the system in changing conditions. During normal running status it is to the full charged with oil under same force per unit area as in the recess to the chief pump. When engine stops running, the oil in both subdivisions starts chilling and shriveling. As the system force per unit area drops collector discharges oil into the system, therefore counterbalancing the shrinking and forestalling formation of pockets of oil bluess. Hard-hitting pump is connected to the collector via cheque valve, while the low force per unit area pump is through an opening. After the oil in the system is cooled off, collector maintains the system at atmospheric force per unit area by continuously refilling oil that easy leaks of through the leak-off transition. Accumulator recharges every clip engine is restarted. If engine is off for a long clip collector will dispatch wholly. Hence force per unit area will drop below acceptable, leting force per unit area detector to reactivate pump for a short clip to reload the collector. Use of high hydraulic force per unit area in the system satisfies the demand of maintaining bulk modulus of oil high. In a closed cringle system like this, the force per unit area in low-pressure reservoir can besides be quiet high. Hence the system can run with really high hydraulic force per unit area and still the energy ingestion is in mean scope due to low-pressure derived function.9. FUTURE PlansFuture plans include go oning to polish the engineering for paradigm camless CIDI engines driven by an electronically controlled camless valvetrain:Polish the system and constituent design for higher efficiency and consistenceDesign for three different types of unstable media: hydraulic fluid/engine oil, Diesel fuel, and antifreeze coolantDevelop electronic control algorithms, package, and hardware for valve timing, lift, soft seating, and shutting controlIntegrate the variable valve timing system with little CIDI enginesCharacterize public presentation envelope, energy ingestion, open- and closed-loop repeatability, and sensitiveness to environmental conditions of the camless valvetrain system through both simulation and experimentTest camless valvetrain under assorted engine operation conditionsUpdate dynamic theoretical accounts and simulation of the camless valvetrainDevelop a system and command dynamic theoretical account of CIDI engines and look into the control constellations and schemes by utilizing the proposed actuating system10. DecisionFor the camless operation electrohydraulic valve train is used which control valve timing, lift, speed.Electrohydraulic valve train is built-in with the cylinder caput, which lowers the caput tallness and improves packaging.The system employs the hydraulic pendulum, which contributes low ingestion of energy.Reappraisal of the benefits expected from a camless engine points to significant betterments in public presentation, fuel economic system and emanation over and above what is engines with camshaft based valve trainREF ERANCESâ€Å" Mold of an Electromechanical Valve Actuator for a camless engine, † Yan wang.Higgins Amy, â€Å" Camless Engines Give ‘Peak ‘ Performance, † Machine Design, October 2000, pg. 72.C.Gray â€Å" A Review Of Variable Engine Valve Timing † , SAE paper 880386Variable Valve timing system for Camless Engine Operation, university of Illinois/ University of California, Los Angles.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dieselnet.com/news/0004navistar.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //www.engineering.ucsb.edu/~ywang/research.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.autospeed.com/cms/A_0910/article.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //www.greendieseltechnology.com/news13.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //www.engineering.ucsb.edu/~mdsymp/ppt/stefanop.pdfhypertext transfer protocol: //www.myresearch.htmhypertext transfer protocol: //www.siemens.de/athypertext transfer protocol: // www.highwaystarmagazine.com