Mobile Phone and Broadband Network Free Essays

StarHub is Singapore’s completely incorporated data interchanges organization, offering a full scope of data, correspondences and diversion administrations for both purchaser and corporate markets. StarHub works a HSPA+ versatile system that conveys up to 42Mbps for downlink to supplement its across the nation GSM organize, and a LTE arrange that gives association velocities of up to 75Mbps in key business regions. It additionally deals with an island-wide HFC arrange that conveys multi-channel pay TV administrations (counting HDTV, Internet TV and on-request benefits) just as ultra-fast private broadband administrations. We will compose a custom paper test on Cell Phone and Broadband Network or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now StarHub works a broad fixed business arrange that gives a wide scope of information, voice and discount administrations. Over Singapore’s fiber-based Next Generation Nationwide Broadband Network, StarHub offers a wide scope of home and business broadband plans alongside a large group of cutting edge media-rich worth included administrations. Propelled in 2000, StarHub has gotten one of Singapore’s most creative data correspondences suppliers, and the pioneer in ‘hubbing’ †the capacity to convey remarkable coordinated and merged administrations to every one of its clients. StarHub, recorded on the fundamental leading group of the Singapore Exchange since October 2004, is a segment supply of the Straits Times Index and the MSCI Singapore Free Index. Individual Solutions Mobile * Innovative value designs that incorporate cost-sparing highlights, for example, Free Incoming Local Calls, Per Second Billing, Flat Roaming Rates, All Day Flat Calling Rate, and Free IDD 018 Calls to 18 goals * Green Pre-paid assistance * BlackBerry administration, the world’s driving secure remote email stage * Mobile broadband help conveyed over StarHub’s 4G and 3. G organize * Mobile information administration offers a value top for information get to bundles, so clients can surf with true serenity from the cell phone * StarHub TV on Mobile help that streams pay TV stations including National Geographic Channel and CNN over StarHub’s propelled portable broadband system * Home Zone, a 3G femtocell administration which permits clients to make versatile call s at home through their broadband link association * International Roaming administration to in excess of 230 goals * StarHub is an individual from the Conexus Mobile Alliance, which was shaped to upgrade member’s ompetitiveness in universal meandering and corporate portable administrations in their own provinces and across Asia Pacific. It is presently Asia’s biggest union of portable administrators with an inclusion impression to more than 350 million supporters in excess of 12 nations and districts pfingo (short for telephone, opportunity, Internet, in a hurry) is a VoIP administration created by StarHub. pfingo empowers clients to make and get neighborhood and abroad calls from their PC or SIP-empowered cell phones at low rates, paying little mind to the versatile or broadband system clients are associated with. The pfingo account is free and calls between pfingo clients are likewise free. Other rich highlights that pfingo offers incorporate SMS, fax, free push email (Google Mail, Yahoo! Mail, or any POP3 email administrations), multi-headed talk (Yahoo! Ambassador, Google Chat, Windows Live Messenger, ICQ Chat), and remote number administrations. For as meager as S$2/month, pfingo clients appreciate the utilization of a 3-arrangement Singapore telephone number with free approaching calls. To discover more, visitâ www. pfingo. com Wireless Broadband StarHub Wireless Broadband is accessible at Suntec Convention Center and certain regions of Suntec Retail Mall, Singapore Expo, all The Coffee Bean ; Tea Leaf outlets, just as chose zones in Changi Airport Terminals 1, 2 and 3 * StarHub clients appreciate free remote broadband access at all StarHub hotspots in Singapore. Moreover, they can get free access to Wireless@SG administrations through a Memorandum of Understanding came to among StarHub and QMax Communications. As a pioneer individual from the Wireless Broadband Alliance, StarHub along with other part administrators, has been driving the appropriation of remote broadband innovations and administrations around the globe by building up a typical business, specialized and showcasing structure for remote system interoperability. StarHub has empowered remote broadband global wandering capacities in Australia, Japan, Malaysia, UK, the USA and that's just the beginning. IDD StarHub’s IDD contributions incorporate the StarHub IDD 008 and 018 administrations, HomeConnect (paid ahead of time IDD card) and the StarHub International Calling Card (post-paid IDD card) * StarHub’s post-paid and prepaid portable clients appreciate free IDD 018 calls to 18 chose goals. Home Solutions Pay TV * StarHub is Singapore’s biggest compensation TV administrator, offering a full set-up of value worldwide stations of news, motion pictures, amusement, sports, music and ins truction, and seven neighborhood allowed to-air channels. StarHub’s computerized stage permits clients to appreciate intelligent applications and propelled highlights. * Operates the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) framework which offers better quality help and a convincing choice of stations for corporate clients. * Offers Southeast Asia’s first business High Definition Television (HDTV) administration. Presently conveys six HD Channels. * Offers Demand TV and Internet TV Residential Broadband * MaxOnline, StarHub’s link modem administration is the first â€Å"always-on†, boundless broadband Internet get to design propelled in Singapore. Offers MaxInfinity fiber broadband assistance, offering download rates of up to 1Gbps * Offers Anytime TV which permits clients to get to StarHub TV’s on-request library of in excess of 6,500 TV shows and motion pictures just as 12 complimentary compensation TV channels. Private Voice * Digital Voice, an ind ividual fixed line voice administration that is conveyed over StarHub’s broadband system. * For a low month to month membership expense, clients can appreciate active/approaching neighborhood calls for nothing. Online Value-included Services Online music gateway * Email administration * Content sifting administration * Online capacity administration Business Solutions StarHub offers a large group of administrations for organizations of each size. We alter our answers for meet our customers’ needs, and assist them with remaining in front of the opposition. Our administrations include: Business Voice ; IDD * StarHub IDD 008, StarHub IDD 018, household and universal ISDN, business voice administrations, fixed number related administrations, and local complementary administrations (1800 administrations) Data Services Ethernet Leased Line (ELL), Switched Ethernet (SWE), Super Direct Service (SDS), Domestic Leased Circuit (DLC), International Ethernet Private Line (IEPL), In ternational Private Leased Circuit (IPLC) IP/Internet Services * Business Broadband (ADSL and Enterprise Web), Business (Internet Leased Line), IP Transit Service (Velocity and StarHub IP Exchange/SiX), Switched Ethernet IP Services (SWE), Internet Clean Pipe, Online Storage †Business Global Managed Services * Arcstar Global Managed Services, BT Global Managed Services StarHub Global Conferencing Services StarHub Global Conferencing Services International Wholesale Voice Services * Carriers around the globe, just as Service-Based and Facilities-Based Operators in Singapore, use StarHub’s International Wholesale Voice administration to assist them with arriving at the goals they need through StarHub’s set up worldwide interconnections. Logo The StarHub character is an outflow of our aim to be a proactively imaginative organization. We need to do things any other way, to upgrade client decisions for data interchanges administrations and in this way, their personal s atisfaction. We perceive that the world where we live in is evolving quickly, and so as to empower our clients to capitalize on life and their selection of interchanges administrations, StarHub should investigate new skylines and widen our point of view. Our visual personality is a constructive articulation of this objective. It perceives individuals as people and that everybody has the ability to improve. It is sure, forward-looking and dynamic as communicated by the lively hues. The progress from Blue to Green, accentuates the change that we need to bring to people’s lives through inventive and incorporated information interchanges arrangements. StarHub’s corporate logo typifies the pith of a Chinese axiom which when interpreted methods â€Å"green is gotten from blue and green will turn out to be more splendid than blue†; so, the understudy will outperform the instructor. Like the star portrayed in its corporate personality, StarHub will receive a dynamic and forward-looking position, ready to change the business scene and administration outlook in a pristine manner. Culture StarHub Vision To be Singapore’s best option for data, correspondences and diversion administrations. StarHub Mission To give each individual, home and business in Singapore with world-class sight and sound administrations and substance StarHub Core Values ExCITe : Excellence, Creativity, Integrity, Teamwork. 2010 Milestones November * Introduced Singapore’s first sun powered controlled portable base station empowered vehicle. September * Introduced a wide scope of home and business broadband plans alongside a large group of cutting edge media-rich worth included administrations over Singapore’s fiber-based Next Generation Nationwide Broadband Network. July Adopted world’s first cell phone flagging answer for additional upgrade organize execution and improve end-client cell phone understanding. * Launched Singapore’s first full without drm bound together music store. May * Made accessible Singapore’s first microSIM card to help good cell phones. * Scored co mmunicate rights to the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Walk * Commenced HSPA+ arrange move up to help up to 42. 2Mbps on the downlink. January * Launched new versatile T

PSY 475 Week 2 Learning Team Assignment Essay

Select in anticipation of this task a mental proportion of discouragement, for example, the Beck Depression Inventory or Children’s Depression Inventory. Acquire personnel endorsement of your chose measure preceding starting this task. Singular parts because of the group discussion by Friday. If it's not too much trouble ensure a colleague will order the task and submitting it to the assignments connect. Compose a 1,400-to 1,750-word paper in which you dissect your chose psychologicalâ measure. As a piece of your examination, address the accompanying things: Using the University Library, the Internet, or different sources, select in any event two insightful diary articles that talk about the utilization of your chose mental measure. Quickly sum up your chose articles, and thoroughly analyze their discoveries. In view of the examination of your articles, talk about the utilization of your chose measure. Disclose who is able to regulate and decipher theâ measure and the settingsâ€such as word related, scholastic, or counselingâ€in which it is proper to utilize the measure. Separate between the populaces for which your chose mental measure is legitimate and invalid. To buy this material snap on beneath connect http://www. assignmentcloud. com/PSY-475/PSY-475-Week-2-Learning-Team-Assignment-Psychological-Measure-Paper For additional classes visit http://www. assignmentcloud. com.

GAP Analysis Essay Example for Free

Hole Analysis Essay My calling of intrigue is: _Energy Analyst_ If it's not too much trouble visit the O*NET Web website, and research the information, aptitudes, and capacities (KSAs) that are required for your ideal calling. Complete the diagram beneath to distinguish which of the KSAs you as of now have and which KSAs you have to obtain. KSA required in your ideal occupation or calling Portrayal of how you meet this prerequisite In the event that you don't meet this prerequisite, how might you get it? Building and Construction Knowledege Past Work with Mario Sinicola Construction and Certified Electrician Client assistance and Personal Service Involvement in Customers with CountryWide loaning General Studies of Math, Physics, Design, and English Aquiring my Associates degree by and large business and chipping away at single guys in Energy Deductive Reasoning Have fundamental comprehension to apply general standards to enable the response to bode well Close to Vision I have two eyes with them two having 18/20 vision Framework Analysis To acquire information through work understanding and furthermore concentrates through school to pick up the data required. Section 2: Goal Setting Utilizing your hole examination and what you have realized in this stage, set 3 momentary objectives to fill the holes that you have in your KSAs and capabilities. It would be ideal if you ensure your objectives are SMART: Explicit Quantifiable Activity situated (What move will you make?) Reasonable Planned Hole in your KSA capabilities Transient objective to fill the hole Time allotment to be finished No degree in examination or essential business Discover a business and become an understudy 1.5 years Acquire Business degree in information and Energy Analysis Use leaving work and furthermore discover others previously working in the field and increase information from that point 2 years General Studies Proceed with instruction through school a half year Section 3: Revised Elevator Speech My name is Gabriel Cheney; as of now I am an understudy at Colorado Technical University. I have been in the U.S. Armed force and furthermore sales rep for different kinds of organizations. I am right now taking a shot at my partners degree when all is said in done business and hoping to move in the direction of a four year certification in Data Analysis. I as of now am working at a little programming organization that creates and delivers retail location frameworks for salons over the world. I am hoping to discover a situation in the organization the will permit me to develop in this field I wish to work later on.

Child Support Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kid Support Agency - Essay Example Applying the information gained by putting it to best utilize would hold better importance and praise a decent frameworks professional. Notwithstanding this experience is an excellent instructor and the more experience I get, the more valuable it would be in helping me become an advantage for any foundation as a decent frameworks expert. The term ‘managing complexity’ implies numerous things to me. Initially, as the expression proposes, it implies helping individuals in different troublesome circumstances to conquer their feelings of trepidation and nervousness and make their lives progressively basic and simple to acknowledge. Besides, it implies getting individuals who are in extremely complex conditions to grapple with their circumstance by discovering great answers for them. This would extraordinarily serve to support their certainty and give them enough fortitude to oversee different complexities that they may look in future. For Example, if a woman is confronting lady beating in a liquor harsh marriage and there are youngsters included, helping her to come out of her mind boggling circumstance and deal with her life and family in the most ideal manner conceivable. Multi-cause graphs are astoundingly extremely helpful in discovering the underlying driver to any issue. It is a kind of conceptualizing with a ton of inquiries that emerge from the circumstance or occasion which introduces itself as an intricate issue. These inquiries would give a great deal to think about and investigate the central reason that prompted the current complex circumstance. They serve to unwind one’s reasoning, help better understanding and distinguish territories of mediation. For example separate. The controlled model outlines are utilized to imagine and breaking down a circumstance inside a constrained system to give a more clear picture and along these lines makes it simpler to show up at the arrangement and intercession stage.â

The Controversy of Paying Amateur Athletes free essay sample

The advantages of accepting an athletic school grant are incredible. In spite of the fact that the advantages or experts of the grant are staggering and enables the understudy to get instruction, it doesn’t permit them to live appropriately. Acclaimed school b-ball player, Shabazz Napier said he â€Å"went to bed starving† in light of the fact that he just â€Å"didn’t have any cash to get food† (Edelman The Case for Paying†). This is only one case of numerous competitors being malnourished in view of their sport’s resolute calendars. The parity of studies, sports, occupations, and individual lives is amazingly trying for these youthful researchers. The National Collegiate Athletic Association ought to permit their competitors to be paid, partly, by their colleges/schools because of their bustling lives as understudies. Unnecessarily occupied with work These understudies have amazingly bustling lives. Graduated class or previous understudies can regularly identify with the â€Å"Freshman Fifteen† and the aching for the need to fit in. We will compose a custom article test on The Controversy of Paying Amateur Athletes or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The longing of individuals needing to be a piece of something when they assemble with disparate environmental factors is extraordinary. Understudies regularly attempt to be accepted into clubs, sororities, or brotherhoods when they first arrive at their colleges. The understudies are additionally under a great deal of scholarly weight. Staying aware of studies is basic while accepting a grant. Understudies additionally go under the pressure of missing their homes. Leaving to school might be the first run through these researchers are curious about their environmental factors. These variables lead to the apprehensive strain that college competitors get consistently. By and large, a common Division I school football player devotes 43.3 hours of the week to his sport.This is 3.3 a bigger number of hours than the regular American work week (21 Reasons Why). The normal school football player is staying at work past 40 hours on an occupation he isn't in any event, getting paid for. The str ain of shuffling work and public activity would overall be able to stretch the competitors to the most noteworthy degree. Generous Revenue These school contenders likewise acquire a considerable measure of income for their colleges. The school sports industry produces $11 billion in yearly incomes. Fifty schools report yearly incomes that surpass $50 million. In the interim, five schools report yearly incomes that surpass $100 million (Koba). These incomes originate from various sources, including ticket deals, sponsorship rights, and the offer of communicate rights. The National Collegiate Athletic Association as of late sold communicate rights to its yearly mens ball competition for upwards of $770 million for each season. What's more, the Big Ten Conference has propelled its own telecom company that sells broadcast appointment to supports during the communicate of its football and mens b-ball games. These school sports incomes are passed along to NCAA administrators, athletic chiefs and mentors as compensations (Schwartz). The understudies get nothing. In 2011, NCAA individuals paid their affiliation president, Mark Emmert, $1.7 million. Head football trainers at the 44 NCAA Bowl Championship Series schools got on normal $2.1 million in pay rates. The most generously compensated open worker in 40 of the 50 U.S. states is the state universitys head football or ball mentor. At the University Of Alabama the head football trainer, Nick Saban, as of late marked an agreement paying him $7 million every year †in excess of multiple times the normal pay of a Tuscaloosa government funded teacher. Previous school quarterback, Johnny Manziel realized in 24 million dollars in benefits for his school’s athletic office. Texas A made colossal measures of assets off of Johnny’s appearance and product. The school made a large number of only one of the players in the group. Manziel didn't get one cut out of the cash that was made.The NCAA guards its no-pay administers on a few questionable grounds. Likewise, the NCAA claims that remunerating understudy competitors would make a Title IX issue. They accept that in light of the fact that the normal Division I mens b-ball mentor acquires almost twice as much in compensation as the normal Division I womens b-ball mentor. NCAA individuals have not recommended ending the compensation of school ball mentors to determine this worry. The contention for permitting universities to pay their understudy competitors boils down to monetary proficiency, distributive equity and a sensible understanding of antitrust laws. Conversely, the contention against permitting pay to understudy competitors emerges essentially from voracity and personal responsibility (Schwartz). Hurting Education College competitors are additionally given a â€Å"free† training that they can't profit by. In our general public, school sports have become a â€Å"massively marketed industry† which has gotten â€Å"harmful to education† (Zimbalist). Big-time school sports epitomize the beliefs of unprofessional quality and give a significant supplement to college instruction. Or on the other hand so its defenders would have us accept. As Andrew Zimbalist represented that school sports are actually a greatly marketed industry dependent on exercises that are frequently insignificant and even unsafe to training. Zimbalist joined momentous observational research and an ability for narrating to give a firm, truthful reason for the numerous contentions that at present anger about the objectives, history, structure, motivating force framework, and lawful engineering of school sports. He illustrated an association in rushed need of change Zimbalist additionally show ed in his examination that â€Å"todays issues are the same old thing that schools have been devoured for over a century by banters about cheating, corporate greed, and the disintegration of instructive principles† (Zimbalist). In spite of the fact that the NCAA claims school competitors are simply understudies, the NCAA’s own competition plans require school competitors to miss classes for broadly broadcast games that get income. As of now, the NCAA Division I football title is played on a Monday night.This year, the national football title game required Florida State football players to miss the main day of spring classes. In the interim, the yearly NCAA men’s b-ball competition influences over six days of classes. At certain schools, the way to the NCAA men’s b-ball title may require understudy competitors to miss up to a fourth of all class days throughout their spring semester (21 Reasons Why). These understudies regularly miss valuable â€Å"freeâ €  classes that they couldn't take care of in light of the NCAA. Competitors can't gain from classes that they miss. These timetables are influencing these understudies scholastically and are not letting them profit by this type of installment from their colleges. On the Contrast Some would state that athletic grants furnish kids with the chance to get effective, go to the school they had always wanted, and create as youthful grown-up in a genuine institutionary grounds. Albeit full-ride grants furnish understudies with certain advantages, it doesn't cover the cons. The grant doesn't pay for food, water, or supplements for the competitor. The NCAA likewise accepts that it will prompt a Title IX issue, which is the point at which one sexual orientation gets more advantages/pay than the other. The presumption that men school competitors would be paid more than women’s is just foolish. Male competitors don't as of now get â€Å"better scholarships† in light of the fact that they are male. These hypothetical’s made up by the NCAA are keeping the understudies from accepting appropriate training and living. A Proper Solution/Conclusion The National Collegiate Athletic Association ought to get dispose of full-ride grants and pay the competitors every year, to a limited degree. They ought not be paid like experts yet be paid to a reasonable degree. The NCAA has set guidelines and guidelines which limit schools from repaying their competitors. More damage goes to the understudy than positives. These understudies have significant lives, don’t get repaid, and it influences their instruction. An all costs paid grant just gives them instruction. Grants like these don't profit competitors. These novices ought to have the option to have repayments rather than an all costs paid grant. Works Cited Edelman, Marc. 21 Reasons Why Student-Athletes Are Employees. Forbes. Forbes c Magazine, 30 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. Edelman, Marc. The Case for Paying College Athletes. US News. U.S.News World Report, 6 Jan. 2014. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. Koba, Mark. Understudy Athletes to Get Paid? It Looks That Way NBC News. NBC News. N.p., 12 Aug. 2014. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. Video. Schwartz, Nelson D., and Steve Eder. School Athletes Aim to Put Price on Priceless. New York Times 28 Mar. 2014: A1(L). Contradicting Viewpoints in Context. Web. 23 Oct. 2014. Print. Zimbalist, Andrew. Unpaid Professionals: Commercialism and Conflict in Big-Time College Sports. By Andrew Zimbalist, 1999. Princeton University Press, 1999. Web. 23Oct.2014. Print .

Yay for Grad School!

Yay for Grad School! Hi everyone, and Happy end-of-February! I know that this time of the year involves a lot of hard work, as well as some questions of whether or not it will pay off in the end. It will, I promise. This is easy for me to say now because on Friday, I found out that I have been accepted to a masters program here at U of I (which I will do another post about soon), and I am delighted that all of my work has finally paid off! I am so thrilled, and wish that I could go back and tell myself that it will all be okay. I am so happy that I will get to spend even more time here at U of I, and look Im looking forward to my future adventures! Sarah Class of 2018 I'm from Grand Rapids, Michigan. I'm majoring in Communication in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

Artworks The Emerging Greatest Environmental Pollutant - 275 Words

Arts And Artworks The Emerging Greatest Environmental Pollutant (Essay Sample) Content: NameCourseProfessorUniversityDateArts and Artworks the emerging greatest environmental pollutantIntroductionEver since time in memorial art and art works have been associated with creative ways of expression, entertainment, and ornamental values. These values have been used for many generations to define art and art works. The field of arts in the recent time has evolved to entail unique aspects like stage props in performing arts, cheap synthetic canvas for the painters among other. The new trends in art are meant to reduce the budget for the individual pursuing art studies or those in the related fields. The trends have been viewed by many as strides towards the right direction. Others have argued the changes are taking place without other critical considerations such as quality and sustainability. This has brought up the debate on the role of new trends in art on pollution. The following essay tries to critically examine the thesis statement that the new trends in art and artwork are made at the expense of environmental pollutionArt and art work has in the recent time received a lot of attention since many had considered the little changes that have taken place over the years might be clear indications that Art is on its death bed. Many art enthusiasts opted to counter this claim by introducing more innovative ways that were to revolutionize the field. Some of the innovation included plastic canvas, paints and paint brushes, sculptures, wooden made stage props for performance artist and wooden frames for pictures. All these trends are meant to reduce the cost and enhance the quality as well as the number of the audience enjoying the artwork. Many environmentalist have in recent time ganged against these trends claiming even though they seem to be the ray of hope in Arts; they were made without considering the sustainability.The synthetic canvases are known to produce green house gases once exposed to intense suns rays. The new trends used by many artists to used bill boards to exhibit their art work could a ticking time bomb and working against the numerous efforts put in fighting global warming and green house gases. Some environmentalists have also shown displeasure with the used of metallic elements like copper, gold, brass, zinc, and others in making large modern sculptures. They argue it is wasteful for the artist to use such valuable element in art and can be used in more constructive fields like medicine, electronics and other which actually add value to human life. The claim the environmental pollution that takes place in the mining and purification processes of these metals should be met with equally if not more important uses, (Dunn Np)These sentiments have come under severe criticism from many art lovers. They claim art is one of the major stress relievers known to man. Movies, plays, drawing sculpture have been shown to relieve stress to many, especially terminally ill patients. They claim art and artworks h ave at least made the world a little bit better and easier for many individuals, (Rehman 353-358)Some also argue that the return got from selling or participating in any of the many artwork production processes has helped a great deal. Many artists have given back to the society from the earnings from Art in numerous environmental rehabilitation programs. They claim the little damage that art and art work way be allegedly be causing to the environment is paid in three folds as compared to the resources directed to creation of the green world from Art, (Smith Np).A different group of art lovers has claimed that the effort taken by art and artwork in the general sensitization on the adverse impacts of environmental pollution cannot be taken for granted. Many artists have chosen to use the environmental awareness and rehabilitation as the central theme of their artworks. Be they movies, drawings, sculptures, or even pictures have all been based on the repercussions of environmental pol lution. Some have gone to the extent of trying to project the future if no action is taken in curbing the environmental pollution, (Inwood33-38)A different group had an entirely different v...

Exploring Freedom in Edward Bellamys Looking Backward Essay

The definition of freedom depends entirely on how the phrase â€Å"freedom from†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ends. Perhaps a most straightforward understanding of freedom is the laissez-faire emphasis on limiting the power of government to interfere in economic and social matters. In this state of absolute freedom, however, inequalities exist between people, so that freedom from a controlling government does not imply individuals’ freedom of contract, movement, legal protection, equal rights through citizenship, or political voice. In light of the persistence of slavery in the US through the 19th century, freedom as an individual’s legal status separated people who could be citizens from people who were lifelong slaves. Even among legally free people, economic†¦show more content†¦In Looking Backward, Bellamy outlined one proposal for protecting the freedom and welfare of all citizens through equal access to education, job opportunities, and wealth. Furthermore, he expan ded the term citizen to include women and imagined a system in which men and women contribute equally to industry and home life. In Bellamy’s vision of a future America, the federal government has taken control of almost all aspects of life to maximize productivity and efficiency and to give each citizen an equally high quality of life. The government, unplagued by corruption, manages the education of all children from age 6 to 21 and all aspects of industrial production, the domestic distribution of goods, and foreign trade. All citizens must serve in some capacity in the Industrial Army from age 21 to 45, and are given the same allowance from the government regardless of their occupation, skill level, or age. Throughout the nation, in both rural and urban areas, students follow a single curriculum of mental and physical development, warehouses contain a single wide selection of goods, homes have access to a single long program of recorded music, and local governments have very few powers. Representative democracy is kept, but modified so that voters are organized by trade guild, and only citizens who have excelled

The Clouds, An Inconsistent Message About Morality

Aristophanes’ play, The Clouds, has an inconsistent message about morality. Morality is the difference between what is right and what is wrong. Morality affects our action, thoughts, and what is perceived as good and bad. For the ancient Greeks nomos was the concept of law and moral conduct, while physis was natural behavior. In both plays there were incidents that have a moral argument. In The Cloud, there are scenes where morality is question about what a character is doing. Compared to Euripides’ play, Electra, morality is a key issue. Some people may say that in The Clouds, the moral argument is view differently than in Electra. In this paper I will argue that the concept of what is moral is different yet the same for the characters in both plays and some characters are more vulnerable to having their sense of morality swayed. The morality of a person can be affected by the person’s circumstances. This can cause them to act in a way that they will never have acted. A person’s circumstance can affect them negatively. In The Clouds, Strepsiades was in a situation where his son, Pheidippides, had accumulated a lot of debt for him and his creditors were after him. Strepsiades, stressed and desperate about having his property taken, tried to convince his son to learn the Inferior Argument because, â€Å"†¦the Inferior Argument can debate an unjust case and win. All you have to do is learn this Inferior Arguments for me, then you can talk your way out of all the debts I’veShow MoreRelatedChristian Worldview and Multiculturalism3014 Words   |  13 Pagesinfluential group calling itself NAME, or the National Association for Multicultural Education, includes in its philosophy statement the following: Xenophobia, discrimination, racism, classism, sexism, and homophobia are societal pheno mena that are inconsistent with the principles of a democracy and lead to the counterproductive reasoning that differences are deficiencies.(name). 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RC489.C63C57 2004 616.85†²2270651—dc22 2003020283 To my parents, Albert and Ardith, for their support and encouragement About the Author About the Author David A. Clark, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Psychology, University of New Brunswick, Canada. He received his PhD from the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, England. Dr. Clark has published numerousRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEnvironment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! 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No date is given on the typescript, but it is dated à ¡bout the year 1906 in the preface to a companion work, a Dictionary of the Ibo language: English-Ibo (1923). This latter work was also largely the responsibility of Dennis, and it is listed under his name in bibliographies, although his name does not appearRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pages(800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our Web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Kerzner, Harold. Project management : case studies I Harold Kerzner. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13:Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTwentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri 213 7 The Technopolitics of Cold War: Toward a Transregional Perspective †¢ Gabrielle Hecht and Paul N. Edwards 271 8 A Century of Environmental Transitions †¢ Richard P. Tucker 315 About the Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of

Vitamin D - 1033 Words

Vitamin D is an important micronutrient that is involved in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorous, and helps establish strong bone health (1). Recent studies have shown promising results of supplementing vitamin D to pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Despite advances in medicine and health GDM is still prevalent among pregnant women, resulting in possible complications to pregnancy such as, fetal distress, preterm delivery, low birth weight, as well as risk of type 2 diabetes to the mother (1). Research links vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is also found in islet beta cells, to insulin secretion, thus possibly helping manage GDM (1). A recent study was conducted to further evaluate various doses of vitamin D and†¦show more content†¦The sample size was a bit small considering the general population of GDM, a more comprehensive population would range into the thousands, but this sample size was a good starting point for further research. Group one w as the control group and received the placebo, group two received a low dose of 200 IU of Vitamin D daily, group three received a medium dose of 50,000 IU of vitamin D within a month, and group four received a total of 10,000 IU within a month (1). Administration of vitamin D supplementation occurred between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy and continued until delivery, and a follow up examination occurred once a month (1). The research team also measured the participants’ dietary intake to ensure they had similar diets to ensure diets did not interfere with the results (1). Fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, insulin resistance, total cholesterol change, and triglyceride levels were all measured with commercial ELISA kits (1). The oral glucose tolerance test is used as the gold standard for measuring the efficiency in glucose metabolism (4). This current study chose to do A1c ELISA kits for efficiency as the oral glucose tolerance test takes several hours to complete (1). Althoug h, A1c is not the gold standard it still considered accurateShow MoreRelatedVitamin D And Calcium.vitamin D Essay781 Words   |  4 Pages Bone Health, Calcium and Vitamin D My research of the vitamin or mineral will be based on vitamin D and Calcium.Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, which means it is stored in the body’s fatty tissue, normally is obtained through exposure to sunlight, which triggers vitamin D production in the skin is found naturally in very few foods but in the United States, it is routinely added to milk and infant formula. Other right food sources are egg yolks and some types ofRead MoreThe Sunshine Vitamin or Vitamin D Essay946 Words   |  4 Pages+Vitamin D and hair growth are inextricably linked, according to research. Vitamin D, otherwise known as the sunshine vitamin, is composed of a group of fat-soluble compounds that mainly shapes the development and sustenance of bone health. It primarily regulates the gastric absorption of magnesium, calcium, zinc and other minerals that fortify bone density, strength and structure. +Recent studies have mapped out the connection between vitamin D deficiency and diseases of the skin, heart and prematureRead MoreVitamin D Deficiency852 Words   |  3 PagesBackground: Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent in the world. Several lines of evidence support a relation between seasonal variations in serum vitamin D and higher relapse rates in MS patients in winter. Objective: To examine whether levels of vitamin D are associated with multiple sclerosis relapse. Methods: In this study 60 patients in relapse and 60 patients in remission matched controls were included. Results: patients in relapse had significantly lower 25(OH) D levels than 60 patientsRead MoreThe Importance of Vitamin D Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesGetting some sun is essential to human health despite the risks of the skin cancer. There is much more benefits that come with the exposure to the sun than harm. Vitamin D that our body produces when we are exposed to the sun is very efficient in curing so many diseases. It protects from arthritis, diabetes, infectious diseases, multiple sclerosis and some kinds of cancer, just to name a few. It has been proven that the Earth’s atmosphere blocks 98.7 percent of the sun’s UV rays. The other 2.3Read MoreVitamin D and Nutritional Rickets1742 Words   |  7 PagesRICKETS For Scientific Principles and Health and Disease By: Mackenzie Gray 112-69-7540 April 7, 2010 Rickets is a disease that deals with a deficiency with Vitamin D. Vitamin D is important by controlling calcium and phosphate levels. If the blood levels of these minerals become too low, the body may produce hormones that cause calcium and phosphate to be released from the bones eventually this leads to weak and soft bones. (2) Throughout this paper we will go over a varietyRead MoreVitamin D and Athletic Performance Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the body and from that how they can influence the body’s ability to perform while under duress. An example of such would be the stress of athletic performance. Vitamin D, which is also referred to as cholecalciferol, is one of the fat soluble vitamins that have been attributed to influencing athletic performance. However, vitamin D is not as much a â€Å"performance enhancing† nutrient in the sense that when taken in higher amounts it will aid athletic performance, but rather when in deficient amountsRead MoreThe Tru th about Vitamin D Deficiency Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesVitamin D deficiency: In the event that you avoid the sun, experience the ill effects of milk anaphylaxes, or stick to a strict veggie lover diet, you may be at danger for vitamin D inadequacy. Known as the daylight vitamin, vitamin D is transformed by the body because of daylight. It is additionally happens characteristically in a couple of sustenance’s including some fish, fish liver oils, and egg yolks - and in sustained dairy and grain items. Vitamin D is key for solid bones on the groundsRead MoreHow Does Vitamin D Improves The Plyometric Performance878 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Question: Does Vitamin D improves the plyometric performance in young basketball athletes? Part 1 A fat-soluble vitamin D is an essential vitamin which works as precursor steroid in biological and metabolic processes happening in human body (1). Deficiency of Vitamin D has shown a verity of adverse psychological, skeletal and muscular health issues (2). Vitamin D deficiency rate has been increased remarkably from year 1994 to 2004. There are many factors responsible for this like sunRead MoreSupply Cost Of Producing Vitamin D And Act As A Monopolist1114 Words   |  5 Pagesaccompanying table shows the demand schedule for Vitamin D. Suppose the marginal cost of producing Vitamin D is zero†¨ 2. Price of Vitamin D 3. Quantity of Vitamin D 4. $8 5. 0 6. $7 7. 10 8. $6 9. 20 10. $5 11. 30 12. $4 13. 40 14. $3 15. 50 16. $2 17. 60 18. $1 19. 70 20. †¨ a) Suppose that company A is the only producer of Vitamin D and act as a monopolist. Suppose the company produces 40 units of Vitamin D at $4/unit. If the company decides to produceRead MoreVitamin D Deficiency: A Major Cause of Concern in Ireland 2707 Words   |  11 PagesYes, Vitamin D deficiency has indeed become a major cause of concern in Ireland as it has recently been highlighted that most Irish people are deficient in this essential vitamin. According to the Irish Osteoporosis society 74% of Irish adults and 88% of Irish primary school children, have less than half of the recommended daily amount of vitamin D. As well as bone health problems deficiency has recently shown cause cancers, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This can be defined as a major

Annotated Bibliography On Obedience And Authority Essay

Part I: Research paper topic and outline Obedience to Authority Abbygale Javier [IT 150G, 14111; On-line; Elizabeth Rasnick; September 29, 2016] I. Introduction A. Motivation of this research There are little facts about the role of obedience up until now. Psychologists have been debating on factors that constitute obedience within an individual. For example, certain theories suggest that people do horrible actions only if they are ordered to do so. Research has shown that most people obey all orders given to them by the authority-figure. The idea of this topic came to me while flipping through channels. I came across a show called 20/20, on the investigative channel. The show goes through a series of crimes and murders and provides insight on how the crime came to be and why. On a particular episode, a successful businessman orders a new intern to â€Å"take care† of someone to gain favor from him. The intern is noted to be kind and helpful by his friends and family, so it had caused a shock to hear that he had murdered someone. Would he have committed this crime if he wasn’t told to? That is what I seek to know more about. B. Research question and objectives To what extent will people act based on an order they were given? My objective is to introduce the topic of obedience to authority and provide an awareness of the vulnerability that most people have in this area. Today, there are theories that focus primarily on characteristics that explain wrong-doing and howShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Obedience And Authority Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pagesof â€Å"Obedience to Authority,† Milgram aptly points out that â€Å"some system of authority is a requirement of all communal living†(Milgram 1). This is a universal human truth. Authority is something that humanity, from the beginning of time, has consistently relied upon. Milgram argues that â€Å"obedience is the psychological mechanism that links individual action to political purpose† and that it is the â€Å"dispositional cement that binds men to systems of authority† (Milgram 1). I argue that obedience is asRead MoreThe Characteristics And Psychological Processes Of Genocide And Its Perpetrators2214 Words   |   9 Pagespsychological perspective, this paper will focus on the Stanley Milgram experiment to determine the behavior of the perpetrators in the Cambodia and Rwanda Genocide using the following concepts of psychology: obedience and authority. Obedience is the act of listening to an authority, while authority is the act of exercising power over other people, who follow and listen. Commentary Thus far, my sources have been very useful to my paper, but I am still looking for more articles and journals thatRead MoreThe Soviet Union Responsible For The Consolidation Of Communism1776 Words   |  8 Pagesparties o Led by the Soviet Communist Party, it ensured that the Soviet Union had unprecedented power The rift with Yugoslavia †¢ In order to consolidate communism in many East European countries, Stalin requested the allegiance and unwavering obedience of its Communist rulers †¢ Yugoslavia was one of a the few countries that refused to adhere to Stalinist policies and publicly split from the Cominform †¢ The split was partly due to Tito’s efforts to assert greater control over the Albanian CommunistRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight5387 Words   |  22 Pagesultimate destruction. I would suggest that the women in the story are the Gawain poets primary instruments in this critique and reinforcement of Feudalism. By positioning The Virgin Mary (as the singular female archetype representing spiritual love, obedience, chastity, and life) against Morgan and Bertilaks wife (who represent the traditional female archetypes of courtly love, disobedience, lust and death) the Gawain poet points out the conflict between courtly love and spiritual love which he, andRead MorePsy 302 Complete Course Psy302 Complete Course Essay2139 Words   |  9 Pages1 Assignment 2: Discussion Question Review Argosys IRB Checklist. Gather information on Stanley Milgrams study on obedience and authority. Using the IRB checklist as a guideline, what were some major concerns you had regarding the Milgram study? How would you redesign Milgrams study to have it pass IRB standards? PSY 302 Module 1 Assignment 3: Final Project Annotated Bibliography Craft a research question on the topic you selected in your first discussion question post. Then locate at least fiveRead More moral Essay3440 Words   |  14 Pagesor values. Piaget believed autonomous moral reasoning to occur between ages 10-12 whereas Kohlberg proposes adolescence or even adulthood. These values are punishment, property and law, roles and concerns of affection, roles and concerns of authority, life, liberty, justice, truth and sex. From its earliest transmission Kohlberg has not been without critics. Although his work is of unquestionable importance Peter’s (1971) warned: â€Å"There is a grave danger that they (Kohlberg’s findings)Read MoreThomas Hobbes: Nature and Origins of Human Thought, Emotion, and Society2678 Words   |  11 Pagesover that had been unaccounted for. This greed overrides the fact that humans should recognize relinquishing their power to a higher authority without question. Nevertheless, some governments have been partially successful in their methods. Countries such as China and Cuba have proven that the by imposing a strong central government, and enforcing civil obedience, certain qualities of the country can be improved (such as military force, and economic socialism/social services). The idea of a â€Å"sovereign†Read MoreThe Truth Behind the Knight: the Presence of Archetypes in Sir Gawain the Green Knight2908 Words   |  12 Pagescomfort zone into a rampant environment where judgment, discrimination, conflict, and violence are abundant (Pearson 73). According to Pearson, Sir Gawain begins at the 1st lev el of the Innocent Archetype, where he accepts the environment, the authorities, but believes that the world as it’s experienced is all there is, making him dependent (79). Although Gawain is debonair, valiant, and intelligent, he shows some personality traits that actually hinder him, making him a little unbecoming of a knightRead MoreThe Rock And Roll And Juvenile Delinquency3326 Words   |  14 PagesAmerica is just getting back on its feet? So in effort to calm this fear in juvenile delinquency from this menacing rock and roll of the 1950’s was to censor and ban it from the radio to make it less appealing to the youth. Morality, obedience to figures of authority, conservative values were at the mentalities that centered this attempt to censor rock and roll. Protection for the youth from issues such as drugs, sex, and violence were the goals of this strategic approach. But how was this possibleRead More The Origin of Gender Roles Essay4745 Words   |  19 Pages(G en. 3:2-3, NIV). The serpent recognizes Eve as the spokesperson for the human couple, which is hardly the pattern of patriarchy (Trible 14). Trible carefully analyzes Eve’s response to the serpent. She points out that Eve states the case for obedience even more strongly than God had stated it (Trible 14). Eve adds in her response that the tree cannot be â€Å"touched.† God does not say anything about touching the tree beforehand; when Eve adds this phrase, her interpretive skills begin to emerge Annotated Bibliography On Obedience And Authority Essay Summary (Milgram Study): In the intro of â€Å"Obedience to Authority,† Milgram aptly points out that â€Å"some system of authority is a requirement of all communal living†(Milgram 1). This is a universal human truth. Authority is something that humanity, from the beginning of time, has consistently relied upon. Milgram argues that â€Å"obedience is the psychological mechanism that links individual action to political purpose† and that it is the â€Å"dispositional cement that binds men to systems of authority† (Milgram 1). I argue that obedience is as instinctual as the flight or fight mechanism of the brain. There is an intrinsic desire to follow something, whether that be a religious icon, a political leader, or a social role model. Obedience, like the need for authority, is part of what gives man a specific identity. Obedience is a social and cultural necessity. While the importance and influence of obedience differs culture to culture, between all groups of people, in all types of countries, and under all forms of government, however menial, it is as ingrained as is smiling or frowning. People have long been uncomfortable when they feel lack of purpose or a meaning; it can be a hopeless life when one thinks they are a random, purposeless dot in a bunch of chaos. So, when people are united under an authority and they are given orders, no matter how bizarre or unethical, their authority has given them a purpose and a meaning. People need to obey. When the experiment was re-studied andShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Obedience And Authority Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pages Part I: Research paper topic and outline Obedience to Authority Abbygale Javier [IT 150G, 14111; On-line; Elizabeth Rasnick; September 29, 2016] I. Introduction A. Motivation of this research There are little facts about the role of obedience up until now. Psychologists have been debating on factors that constitute obedience within an individual. For example, certain theories suggest that people do horrible actions only if they are ordered to do so. Research has shown that most people obey allRead MoreThe Characteristics And Psychological Processes Of Genocide And Its Perpetrators2214 Words   |  9 Pagespsychological perspective, this paper will focus on the Stanley Milgram experiment to determine the behavior of the perpetrators in the Cambodia and Rwanda Genocide using the following concepts of psychology: obedience and authority. Obedience is the act of listening to an authority, while authority is the act of exercising power over other people, who follow and listen. Commentary Thus far, my sources have been very useful to my paper, but I am still looking for more articles and journals thatRead MoreThe Soviet Union Responsible For The Consolidation Of Communism1776 Words   |  8 Pagesparties o Led by the Soviet Communist Party, it ensured that the Soviet Union had unprecedented power The rift with Yugoslavia †¢ In order to consolidate communism in many East European countries, Stalin requested the allegiance and unwavering obedience of its Communist rulers †¢ Yugoslavia was one of a the few countries that refused to adhere to Stalinist policies and publicly split from the Cominform †¢ The split was partly due to Tito’s efforts to assert greater control over the Albanian CommunistRead MoreEssay on The Role of Women in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight5387 Words   |  22 Pagesultimate destruction. I would suggest that the women in the story are the Gawain poets primary instruments in this critique and reinforcement of Feudalism. By positioning The Virgin Mary (as the singular female archetype representing spiritual love, obedience, chastity, and life) against Morgan and Bertilaks wife (who represent the traditional female archetypes of courtly love, disobedience, lust and death) the Gawain poet points out the conflict between courtly love and spiritual love which he, andRead MorePsy 302 Complete Course Psy302 Complete Course Essay2139 Words   |  9 Pages1 Assignment 2: Discussion Question Review Argosys IRB Checklist. Gather information on Stanley Milgrams study on obedience and authority. Using the IRB checklist as a guideline, what were some major concerns you had regarding the Milgram study? How would you redesign Milgrams study to have it pass IRB standards? PSY 302 Module 1 Assignment 3: Final Project Annotated Bibliography Craft a research question on the topic you selected in your first discussion question post. Then locate at least fiveRead More moral Essay3440 Words   |  14 Pagesor values. Piaget believed autonomous moral reasoning to occur between ages 10-12 whereas Kohlberg proposes adolescence or even adulthood. These values are punishment, property and law, roles and concerns of affection, roles and concerns of authority, life, liberty, justice, truth and sex. From its earliest transmission Kohlberg has not been without critics. Although his work is of unquestionable importance Peter’s (1971) warned: â€Å"There is a grave danger that they (Kohlberg’s findings)Read MoreThomas Hobbes: Nature and Origins of Human Thought, Emotion, and Society2678 Words   |  11 Pagesover that had been unaccounted for. This greed overrides the fact that humans should recognize relinquishing their power to a higher authority without question. Nevertheless, some governments have been partially successful in their methods. Countries such as China and Cuba have proven that the by imposing a strong central government, and enforcing civil obedience, certain qualities of the country can be improved (such as military force, and economic socialism/social services). The idea of a â€Å"sovereign†Read MoreThe Truth Behind the Knight: the Presence of Archetypes in Sir Gawain the Green Knight2908 Words   |  12 Pagescomfort zone into a rampant environment where judgment, discrimination, conflict, and violence are abundant (Pearson 73). According to Pearson, Sir Gawain begins at the 1st lev el of the Innocent Archetype, where he accepts the environment, the authorities, but believes that the world as it’s experienced is all there is, making him dependent (79). Although Gawain is debonair, valiant, and intelligent, he shows some personality traits that actually hinder him, making him a little unbecoming of a knightRead MoreThe Rock And Roll And Juvenile Delinquency3326 Words   |  14 PagesAmerica is just getting back on its feet? So in effort to calm this fear in juvenile delinquency from this menacing rock and roll of the 1950’s was to censor and ban it from the radio to make it less appealing to the youth. Morality, obedience to figures of authority, conservative values were at the mentalities that centered this attempt to censor rock and roll. Protection for the youth from issues such as drugs, sex, and violence were the goals of this strategic approach. But how was this possibleRead More The Origin of Gender Roles Essay4745 Words   |  19 Pages(G en. 3:2-3, NIV). The serpent recognizes Eve as the spokesperson for the human couple, which is hardly the pattern of patriarchy (Trible 14). Trible carefully analyzes Eve’s response to the serpent. She points out that Eve states the case for obedience even more strongly than God had stated it (Trible 14). Eve adds in her response that the tree cannot be â€Å"touched.† God does not say anything about touching the tree beforehand; when Eve adds this phrase, her interpretive skills begin to emerge

Income Elasticity of Demand Free Essays

Income Elasticity of Demand is a measure of responsiveness of demand to the changes in income and it involves demand curve shifts. It provides information on the direction of change of demand, given a change in income and the size of the change. Formula for YED: Percentage change in quantity demanded = %?Q Percentage change in income %?Y Normal goods have a positive value of YED, while Inferior goods have a negative value of YED as shown in the graph below: Normal goods: when income increases, demand for normal goods increases as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Income Elasticity of Demand or any similar topic only for you Order Now An increase in income leads to an increase in consumption, demand shifts to the right Inferior goods: when income increases, demand for this good falls. The demand curve shifts left as income rises. As income rises, the proportion spent on food tends to fall while the proportion spent on services tends to rise. Necessity and Luxury goods Necessity YED 1 If a good has a YED that is greater than one, is has income elastic demand: a percentage increase in income produces a larger percentage increase in quantity demanded. Luxuries are income elastic goods. Like the I Phone or chewing gum. Applications of Income and elasticity of demand YED implication for producers and for the economy Overt time the economy grows and the society’s income increases. Increasing income means a rising demand for goods and services. If the average economic growth is 3% per year, goods and services have income elastic demand (YED 1) thus, the demand of these goods and services grows at a higher rate than 3%. Examples include Restaurants, Movies and Health care, (these goods and services are produced by industries that develop and expand more rapidly than the total income in the economy). Also the demands of other goods such as food, clothing and furniture which are inelastic have a rate of less than 3%, (these goods and services are produced by industries growing more slowly than total income). Higher YED greater future expansion Lower YED Smaller future expansion This means that before you may produce a good think about the YED. The three parts of an Economy Primary sector agriculture, forestry, fishing and extractive industries. Positive YED thus is income inelastic. * Manufacturing sector textile and appliances. Income elastic Negative YED. * Service sector entertainment, insurance and education. Higher YED, greater percentage increase in the demand. Hence as the total output of agricultural shares in the economy drops, the share manufactured output grows. Through continuous growth, t he service sector expands at the expense of both agriculture and manufacturing as shown in the diagram below: Less economically developed countries have a larger primary sector while developed countries are dominated by services. **Remember that if the total output increases over time, a falling share of a certain sector (like the primary sector) does not automatically mean that the output is reducing, probably the sectors output is growing but slower than the total output. An increasing share for a sector means that its output is growing more rapidly than the total output. How to cite Income Elasticity of Demand, Papers

Internal Control Weaknesses Of Motherboards and More Pty Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Internal Control Weaknesses Of Motherboards and More Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction Motherboards and More Pty Ltd is a company that deals with manufacturing of computer parts such as motherboards, graphics card and microchips. When a client makes an order either over a phone call, email or on the companys website, the orders are received and forwarded to the store. The system is designed in such a way that it only bills items shipped and not including items on back order. The system then generates clients invoice and a copy of it is sent to the client. The client thus makes payment and is given a cash receipt upon payment and waits for his/her shipment to arrive. Terms of trade include payment of the items within 14 days and if a client pays within 3 days he/she is given a discount of 2%. Internal Control weaknesses Internal control insufficiency existing in small companies can lead to damage or loss of goods, decline in revenue and loss of resources. These deficiencies can easily be corrected by slightly modifying present processes or bringing in basic internal controls: Insufficient documentation- documentation offers evidence of the existing transactions. It is the input to build correct financial records. Financial files should be counted to make sure all transactions are documented and accounted for. This will assist to avoid recording similar transaction twice, since there should be no any redundant numbers in the system. With correct numbering of records, tracking files that relate to questions and claims from owners or clients prior transactions will be simple. Correct documentation would likely offer sufficient answers to most or all questions related to financial transactions. In addition, sufficient documentation will simplify the process of assembling financial files and completion of tax returns. (Granof, 2016) Wrongly defined major business cycles- some small organization processes appear easy. As such, administrators and owners finds it unnecessary to create written procedures and policies or primary flowcharts describing the main busin ess processes. This however is likely to be one of the most unutilized control techniques where the quality can be gained with little effort. An efficient procedure can straighten business goals and aid in establishing most excellent operating procedures. As businesses have varying focus sectors, distinct cycles will be essential to the business, although in several businesses the following processes will be crucial.Banking Procedures, Sales and Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, Cash Management, and Purchases. For a business purchasing assets, inventory controls will be an essential cycle. Filing key controls in every cycles will influence consistency, transparency, and particular duties and responsibilities in every cycles can easily be allocated to particular individuals. When improvements and adjustments are enhanced to the processes, workers can be informed quickly, trained, and updated. Inadequacy of control with authentication of transactions- authentication of purchases should happen prior to the engagement of resources. Depending on the capacity of the business, stages of authority can be brought in to eradicate the risk of improper spending. For instance, with orders high in some dollar value, like $1,000, several quotations should be received which could minimize the general expenditure. Authenticating transactions before allocating orders offers the owners the chance to analyze different purchasing alternatives, and ensuring services or items received will aid the business goals. (Dauber, Shim, Siegel Siegel, 2012) Lack of oversight and review- small business managers normally get so occupied in the daily operations of the business that they have a tendency of neglecting performing main review procedures. Business managers should spare little time and interest in the financial documentation. This is an essential aspect of deception prevention. Little time is needed to examine monthly revenues, actual amounts versus budget, and variance, expense, and inventory reports. prioritizing on approach will provide the owner with valueless report on how the business is functioning and where any possible problem or inefficiency areas may exist. Evaluation of the financial files is a crucial input and component for improved decision making. The regularity of the analysis of financial information relies on the quantity of transactions and the kind of business, however, the evaluation of financial information should be carried out on a monthly basis. Outdated information systems- generally small businesses perform on small resources and less timeis normally spent analyzing information systems. Sparing more time in this sector could improve efficiencies in the long run. Outline the systems in the business and the major performance measures required. Systematic operations will aid in competitiveness and efficiency. Various user-friendly software systems are available which could decrease operating and processing cycles and are cheap to operate. Lack of logical and physical safety- lack of physical safety of business goods and resources could lead to the damage or loss to goods and resources. Access to tools, check stock and petty cash should be confined to right individuals and stored in a proper safe location. Computer devices and networks should have password that is protected and these passwords should be frequently changed. Firewalls and safeguarded equipment or software is a vital component to aid in prevention of security breaches. safety of individual and banking information is becoming increasingly essential with the increase in threats of identity card theft. Individual and employee information should be encoded and kept in safe folders. Lack of formal ethical procedures and policies- this control may seem to be less important for the growth of a business, but lack of clear procedures on the usage of business resources and anticipations, based on ethics and integrity from working staffs, businesses can experience ineffectiveness and misappropriation of resources. A code of conduct is an open revelation of the way a company functions. A well-structured ethics policy can act as a communication channel that reflects essential values and objectives of the business. It can offer procedures of how workers should handle potential misconduct and/ or misappropriation of resources and can offer alignment regarding to organization commitments and values. (Studer, 2009) Lack of clearly defined job duties and responsibilities - the most essential assets are the employees and small business rely much on their workers. They are representatives with competitors, customers, and suppliers. For this important resource to be efficient in the business you will require to offer clear guidelines and describe appropriate duties and responsibilities for every employee. Job responsibilities and duties should be understandable and be written form. This will simplify the process of differentiating duties. Fresh applic ants will be capable to reference back faster to their roles and understand their responsibilities better. Multiple roles to an employee- small businesses are exposed to deception by their own working staffs since they may have a few staffs with multiple duties. Every employee should be assigned particular job roles, through writing to make sure confusion is avoided in allocated job duties and responsibilities. Generally, allocating different individuals the role of authenticating transactions, filing transactions, and managing custody of related resources like credit cards and cash offers more efficient internal control and less chances for misappropriation of resources.(Crain, 2015) Insufficient backups, disaster recovery, and business continuity plans- the essentiality of business continuity and backups are under-emphasized some times. Systems can be structured to automate back-ups performance and on a frequent basis. Backups should be created based on volume of transaction and kept off-site. To re-generate information can be time consuming and painful. Business Continuity plans list the process of recovery accomplishment in case of a danger. Long term power disruptions, unavailability of offices for long periods, and decrease of employees are common and can happen. Planning prior is vital to the success of the business. A threat recovery plan involves a continuity plan, an emergency plan, and disaster recovery plan. Internal control weaknesses Impact control Insufficient documentation Transaction redundancy correct numbering of records Wrongly defined major business cycles Inconsistency and lack of transparency Filing key controls in major business cycles inadequacy of control with authentication of transactions improper spending transaction authentication before allocating orders Lack of oversight and review fraud main review procedures like financial documentation should be performed outdated information systems inefficiencies Regular updates of information system Lack of logical and physical safety damage or loss to goods and resources, security breaches Use of passwords, firewalls and burglarproofing Lack of formal ethical procedures and policies ineffectiveness and misappropriation of resources well-structured ethics policy Lack of clearly defined job duties and responsibilities inefficiencies Clear job description Multiple roles to an employee fraud Clear job description Insufficient backups, disaster recovery, and business continuity plans Unavailability of resources Early planning and creation of backups Ransomware Ransomware is a subset of cyber-attacks in which the information on a victim's computer device is blocked, byencoding, and payment is needed before the ransomed information is decoded and access granted to the victim. The intentions for ransomware threats focuses on money, and unlike other kinds of threats, the victim is normally alerted that an abuse has happened and is given directions on how to recover from the threat. Payment is normally required in a virtual currency, likebitcoin, to hide the cybercriminal's identity. Examples of ransomware are Wannacry and CryptoLocker. Conclusion In conclusion, internal control weakness can be prevented by ensuring that all transactions are documented correctly, key controls are documented in major business cycles, transaction authentication is done before allocating orders, main review procedures like financial documentation are performed, and evaluation of information system is done among others. This will influence consistency, transparency and efficiency of the business. Recommendation The following are some of the recommendation for Motherboard; Analytical Procedures- the auditor must test the accounts receivable account to make sure it is not exceeding sales. If it is, this could show that the organization is a risk to credit and may lead to cash flow challenges in the future. Tests of Controls- controls test for the revenue cycle involves who receives and grant credit sales; the separation of role for documenting, recording, and shipping sales orders; correct documentation for collating and banking cash and filing the receipts; the right authority and records to permit discounts for cash or early payments and purchase returns; and administration authorization to identify that an account is uncollectable debt. Substantive Tests- These tests involve analyzing the trial balance generated by the accountant at the end of the cycle, approving receivable amounts with the organization or individuals with debts and assessing the correctness of the allowance for written-off accounts by inspecting the past entity. References Granof, M. H. (2016).Government and not-for-profit accounting, binder ready version: Concepts and practices. John Wiley Sons Inc. Dauber, N. A., Shim, J. K., Siegel, J. G., Siegel, J. G. (2012).The complete CPA reference. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Studer, Q. (2009).Straight A leadership: Alignment, action, accountability. Gulf Breeze, FL: Fire Starter Publishing. Bragg, S. M. (2014).Bookkeeping guidebook: A practitioner's guide. Crain, M. A. (2015).Essentials of forensic accounting. Albrecht, W. S. (2012).Fraud examination. Mason, OH: South Western, Cengage Learning. CRUMBLEY, D. L. (2017).FORENSIC AND INVESTIGATIVE ACCOUNTING. S.l.: CCH INCORPORATED. Kim, W. C., Mauborgne, R. (2015).Blue ocean strategy: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant.

Macbeth Essay Essays (254 words) - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth Essay Macbeth Response My thesis statement is that I will talk about lady Macbeths Character and the way her character changed after the murder of king Duncan. Lady Macbeth is the wife of Macbeth and after they meet the three witches lady Macbeth started to force Macbeth to do things that he didnt really want to do like killing King Duncan and also killing other characters in this book. I think Lady Macbeth had an evil character and also influenced Macbeth to do bad stuff too. She was like more of a man of the relationship instead of Macbeth. I think this because she controlled Macbeth by telling him he isnt brave and making him do stuff he didnt want to like that. Macbeth fell for it. I think Macbeth was a very Gullible Character in this book. He fell for all the tricks by the witches and all the tricks of the wife. I dont think he deserved to become king especially like that. I think that lady Macbeth changed a lot after the murder. She started going crazy and she had a lot of trouble sleeping. She started sleepwalking and eventually killed herself while sleepwalking. Then she jumped out of the window and killed herself. In conclusion I think that lady Macbeth deserved what she got. She tried to make her husband kill people and she deserved to die in the end. She changed a lot after the murder of king Duncan and then she was going Shakespeare Essays

Coyotes essays

Coyotes essays Most of the general population would be able to recall that coyotes are members of the dog family, and that they generally inhabit the northwest United States. Other than that, not much attention is paid to this particular canine. It will try to avoid man, as man will try to avoid it. There is, however, a very complex science behind this wild dog of the northwest. The habitat, physical nature and instinctive behavior of this animal make it easy for an onlooker to become uninterested, but those traits are also what have made it almost a symbol of the Native American and Western cultures. The coyote is an animal that is called by many names. The term coyote itself, meaning little wolf, comes from the Native Americans, more specifically the Aztecs (Bansfield 286). These are peoples that have lived and co-existed with the coyote for as long as their cultures have been around. Their terminology reflects not a scientific view of the dog, but a natural view of its existence within the ecosystem. Following its genealogy, it is in the class Mammalia, order Carnivora, family Canidae, and it is given the scientific name Canis latrans, meaning barking dog (Forsyth 169). This is the term given to it by a group of educated scientists who studied and analyzed the dog in its own habitat and in an experimental setting and decided it more resembled the domesticated canine than the wild wolf. Although the coyote is typically associated with the open northwest, it can now be found throughout the United States. Sightings of this canine now commonly occur from eastern Alaska to New England, and Florida north to Canada (Bansfield 288). Not native to the state of Ohio, its adaptability to changes caused by urban sprawl can be seen in the fact that it can presently be found in all 88 counties of Ohio. In the spring of 1995, a pair of coyotes was even spotted in ...

The Ancient Indus Valley Civilization

The Ancient Indus Valley Civilization When 19th-century explorers and 20th-century archaeologists rediscovered the ancient Indus Valley civilization, the history of the Indian sub-continent had to be rewritten.* Many questions remain unanswered. The Indus Valley civilization is an ancient one, on the same order as Mesopotamia, Egypt, or China. All these areas relied on important rivers: Egypt relying on the annual flooding of the Nile, China on the Yellow River, the ancient Indus Valley civilization (aka Harappan, Indus-Sarasvati, or Sarasvati) on the Sarasvati and Indus rivers, and Mesopotamia outlined by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Like the people of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China, the people of the Indus civilization were culturally rich and share a claim to the earliest writing. However, there is a problem with the Indus Valley that doesnt exist in such pronounced form elsewhere. Evidence is missing elsewhere, through the accidental depredations of time and catastrophes or deliberate suppression by human authorities, but to my knowledge, the Indus Valley is unique among major ancient civilizations in having a major river disappear. In place of the Sarasvati is the much smaller Ghaggar stream that ends in the Thar desert. The great Sarasvati once flowed into the Arabian Sea, until it dried up in about 1900 B.C. when the Yamuna changed course and instead flowed into the Ganges. This may correspond with the late period of the Indus Valley civilizations. Mohenjo-Daro - From Archaeology at About.com The mid-second millennium is when the Aryans (Indo-Iranians) may have invaded and possibly conquered the Harappans, according to a very controversial theory. Before then, the great Bronze Age Indus Valley civilization flourished in an area greater than one million square km. It covered parts of Punjab, Haryana, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat and fringes of Uttar Pradesh. On the basis of artifacts of trade, it appears to have flourished at the same time as the Akkadian civilization in Mesopotamia. Indus Housing If you look at an Harappan housing plan, youll see straight lines (a sign of deliberate planning), orientation to the cardinal points, and a sewer system. It held the first great urban settlements on the Indian subcontinent, most notably at the citadel cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Indus Economy and Subsistence The people of the Indus Valley farmed, herded, hunted, gathered, and fished. They raised cotton and cattle (and to a lesser extent, water buffalo, sheep, goats, and pigs), barley, wheat, chickpeas, mustard, sesame, and other plants. They had gold, copper, silver, chert, steatite, lapis lazuli, chalcedony, shells, and timber for trading. Writing The Indus Valley civilization was literate we know this from seals inscribed with a script that is now only in the process of being deciphered. [An aside: When it is finally deciphered, it should be a big deal, as was Sir Arthur Evans deciphering of Linear B. Linear A still needs deciphering, like the ancient Indus Valley script.] The first literature of the Indian subcontinent came after the Harappan period and is known as Vedic. It doesnt appear to mention the Harappan civilization. The Indus Valley civilization flourished in the third millennium B.C. and suddenly disappeared, after a millennium, in about 1500 B.C. possibly as a result of tectonic/volcanic activity leading to the formation of a city-swallowing lake. Next: Problems of the Aryan Theory in Explaining Indus Valley History *Possehl says that prior to the archaeological investigations starting in 1924, the earliest reliable date for the history of India was spring of 326 B.C. when Alexander the Great raided the northwestern border. References Imaging River Sarasvati: A Defence of Commonsense, by Irfan Habib. Social Scientist, Vol. 29, No. 1/2 (Jan. - Feb., 2001), pp. 46-74.Indus Civilization, by Gregory L. Possehl. The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Brian M. Fagan, ed., Oxford University Press 1996.Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanization, by Gregory L. Possehl. Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 19, (1990), pp. 261-282.The Role of India in the Diffusion of Early Cultures, by William Kirk. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 141, No. 1 (Mar., 1975), pp. 19-34.Social Stratification in Ancient India: Some Reflections, by Vivekanand Jha. Social Scientist, Vol. 19, No. 3/4 (Mar. - Apr., 1991), pp. 19-40. A 1998 article, by Padma Manian, on world history textbooks gives an idea of what we may have learned about the Indus Civilization in traditional courses, and debated areas: Harappans and Aryans: Old and New Perspectives of Ancient Indian History, by Padma Manian. The History Teacher, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Nov., 1998), pp. 17-32. Major CitiesAll the textbooks Manian examines mention the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, their urban features of ordered streets, sewers, citadels, granaries and the bath at Mohenjo-Daro, artifacts, including seals in a yet undeciphered language. Some authors mention the area of civilization was more than a million square kilometers. One author mentions another excavated city, Kalinagan, and most of the books mention the surrounding villages.DatesMost date the Indus Valley civilization from 2500-1500 B.C., although there is an alternative, 3000-2000. The year 1500 is listed as the year of the Aryan (or Indo-Iranian) invasion.Decline of the Indus CivilizationSome attribute the fall of the Indus civilization to the Aryans, destroyers and enslavers of the Indus people. Others say environmental changes caused the fall. Some say both.Identification of the AryansThe books call the Aryans pastoral nomads. Their origins include grasslands of Eastern Europe/Western Asia, the Caspian Sea, Anatolia, and south-central Asia. The books also claim they came with cattle and some say they already had iron weapons, while others say they developed them in India. One claims they crossed the Himalayas in horse-drawn chariots. Victory Over the Indigenous PeopleAll the textbooks assume the Aryans were victorious and regard the Vedas as written by these invaders.CasteThere are various interpretations of the caste system. In one, when the Aryans arrived on the scene there were already 3 castes in India. In another interpretation, the Aryans brought and imposed their own tripartite system. The dark-skinned people are generally considered the conquered people and the lighter skinned ones, the Aryans. Problems With the Aryan Theory in the Typical Presentations ChronologyThe idea that Harappan civilization fell as a result of the arrival of the Aryans. Harappa had lost its urban character by 2000 B.C., 500 years before the Aryan arrival. Traces of Harappa ElsewhereIndicators of refugees, including lustrous Red Ware, until about 1000 B.C. Refugees fled north-eastward; some residents east to the Gulf of Cambay. Lack of Aryan TracesPainted Grey Ware pottery formerly attributed to the Aryans has not been found along their possible courses, but appears to be an outgrowth of earlier Indian styles. LinguisticHistorical linguistic reasoning about the origin of the Aryans is faulty. (This is a complicated topic summarized by Kris Hirst.) Nomad Status QuestionableArchaeologist Colin Renfrew denies that there is any evidence in the Rig Veda that Aryans were invaders or nomads. Sarasvati ChronologySince the Rig Vedas refer to the Sarasvati as a large river, they must have been written before 1900 B.C., so the people mentioned in it must have already be en there.

Managing business organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing business organisation - Essay Example we will find that how he showed some of the managerial capabilities and performed his roles very clearly in the management of his restaurant. Now looking at his interpersonal role he is the figure head of his organization as he has to perform all the routine duties of legal and social nature. As a leader, he is responsible for all managerial activities and motivates & involves subordinates in all managerial activities like staffing, training. The next job in the list is liaison. As seen in the case study Jamie has liaison with UK government under the new deal initiative. He is involve in recruitment, selection of trainees and involved in designing the training program as well as monitoring the trainees' development and performance. He performed the liaison activities with suppliers and growers and build long-term relationship with them. He always liaises with unemployed and unskilled people and motivates them to adopt the career as a chef. He has always contacted with the outsiders a nd maintained the professional relationship. As in the informational role of manager, Jamie has always been monitoring periodical news, observational tours and act as the nerve centre of organizational internal and external information. He has taken out the trainees on field visit to suppliers, farms and markets in order to communicate and other educational and training trips. As a disseminator, Jamie communicates with subordinates and trainees and maintains information flow and interpretation of information. As spokes person for his enterprise, he plans policies and serve as an expert in the food industry of which his organization belongs. Finally, as in decisional role, Jamie as an entrepreneur, evaluate its business and its general environment for opportunities and initiates, improve, changes and supervise different designs of the jobs and take decisions involving improvement in organizational effectiveness. As a manager, Jamie has a very clear vision and has the expertise and te chnical skills about his job. His technical knowledge and ability is very important to the whole enterprise, as it provides him with part of his credibility among the young trainees as well as forming the basis for much of their training .the series shows him demonstrating basic techniques such as cutting and food preparation, as well as devising menus and improvising his way around the occasional disaster experienced by the trainees. He has always been in search of right people in his organization and takes decisions on several aspects like recruiting selection and training of the trainees. He always has been taking the responsible of disturbance handler. His approach to discipline is quick and consistent; when someone makes a mistake, he points out what they have done, explains why it cause problem, and tells them what to do to remedy this situation; after which it is over and forgotten -at least as far as he is concerned. When the trainee realized that the labor involved in the j ob is too much, Jamie always motivated them and also been supportive to trainees, talked to them individually and often supported them financially. As an efficient and effective manager, Jamie always put emphasis on resource management which involves proper allocation of organizational resources. We see the building project going over budget and it experiences technical delays and setbacks; at times it looks as if it will fail to hit schedule or even open at all. Oliver's

Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music - Essay Example The group’s song â€Å"I’m Gonna Sing Till the Spirit moves† is one best example of their song which has uplifted the spirits of the many. The song is in â€Å"a capella†. Just the soft yet powerful voices of the singers can be heard. They just used their own voice, blended their tone qualities with each other and produced accompanying sounds making the song more effective and interesting to hear. The overall structure of the song is very solemn. In fact, this song can be sung inside the church. Listeners, like me, can even imagine to serious faces of the singers giving all their hearts and soul while singing the song. The mode and/or tone is very emphatic. It is as if the singers are directly talking with each listener. But despite this, listeners can enjoy every lyric of the song. I even noticed myself tapping my fingers and silently humming the song. Indeed the title of this song is very apt with its content and melody. It will not take too much of the time of the singers in singing the song because the listeners’ spirits will surely be moved in less than a time. Brownie McGhee & Sonny Terry were two famous soloists during the early 1930’s. But these two tried sharing their music together and their fans loved them more for this move. Brownie was a superb and smooth guitarist and singer, while Sonny was known for his able playing of his harp and voice quality which is in a rough country style complete with whoops and hollers. Sonnys solo "Mountain Blues" from the 1938 Spirituals to Swing concert was one of his finest recordings and was sung completely in falsetto. Nearly blind since childhood Sonny had almost always played music, at first on street corners and later in recording studios with Blind Boy Fuller. Sonny met his partner of many, Brownie McGhee. Together they became the folk-blues musicians - recording and gigging with people like Lead belly, Woody

Socioeconomic Determinants Of Health

Socioeconomic Determinants Of Health 1.1 Explain the effects of socioeconomic influences on health Recent evidence suggests that the health of the population in the United Kingdom continues to improve. However, despite this many people will experience an inequality in terms of their health and the chance of living in good health is unequally distributed within society (House of Common Health Committee 2009). Socio-economic status is one of the most important determinants of health and the link between this and health is widely accepted (NPHS 2004). Differences in health by social class was examined by the Black Report (1980), which investigated the problem of health inequalities in the UK and found that people of lower economic status were far more likely to experience ill-health and premature death than those of higher socio-economic status. The report concluded that despite the improvement in the overall health of the population, the improvement had not been equal across the social classes and that the health gap between lower and higher social classes was widening. This was supported by the Health Divide (1987) and the Acheson Report (1998), which mirrored the findings of the Black Report. Report findings suggested there was a direct correlation between socio-economic class and health and the likelihood of developing health problems such as coronary heart disease, strokes, lung cancer and respiratory diseases was far higher in the lower social classes. The aim of this essay is to discuss the unequal distribution of health within society; this will be achieved through the examination of the incidence of coronary heart disease within a lower socio-economic group. This subject has been chosen because it is of particular relevance within some of the most deprived areas of Wales and accounts for a large proportion of deaths. A further aim of the essay will be to identify and discuss the factors that influence health across a persons lifespan. Psycho-social influences on health will be discussed along with the direct and indirect influence they have on the health of a person. An analysis of pertinent social policy will be provided together with the relevant public health policies that have been developed to tackle the problem of health inequalities. Finally the role of the nurse and the multi-disciplinary team in improving health inequalities will be considered. In order to achieve these aims it is important to fully understand what is m eant by health and the term health inequality. The Biomedical model defines health as the absence of disease and focuses on the eradication of disease and illness through diagnosis and effective treatment. The state of health is determined by assessing whether or not a disease is present and is driven by the belief that cures for diseases need to be found in order for people to be considered healthy (Bury 2005). Despite often being considered to present a negative view of health it is the most prevalent model used in Western society. When people are feeling unwell it is the medical professions opinion that is sought and the primary concern of the is the treatment of disease and prevention of illness. Symptoms of illness are considered to have an underlying pathology in this model and this pathology can, although not always successfully be treated or restored thus leading to re-instated health (Morrison and Bennet 2009). However this model fails to recognise other factors that influence health. In contrast the social model of health defines health and illness from an individuals perspective and their functioning in society. Rather than merely considering biological or physiological changes, it regards disease as being a result of the interaction of biological, psychological and social conditions (Brannon and Feist 2007). It emphasises that changes can be made in both the individuals lifestyle and in wider society in order to improve health. In comparison with the World Health Organisations definition, health should not be viewed merely in terms of the presence or absence of disease but consideration must be given to the overall state of a persons physical, social and mental well-being (WHO 1948). The social model of health considers other important influences that impact on the individuals health and recognises that health does not only result from biological and genetic processes but that it is a state of positive well-being influenced by the wider social and economic cond itions in which we live (Farrell et al 2008). Consideration of other factors that influence and determine health allows for a better understanding of why some people have better health than others. It also provides a broader understanding of the determinants of health, which in turn allows for identification of the factors which influence health either in individuals or within particular groups in society and goes some way to explaining why inequalities in health persist. Health inequality was highlighted by the publication of the Black Report in 1980, showing that there was a direct correlation between socioeconomic status and health (Bartley 2004). It refers to the unequal distribution of health between social groups that is distinguished by the unequal structures of which the group is a part (Graham 2007). Health inequalities are random, perceived to be unfair and rather than being a result of biological processes are socially produced (Whithead and Dalgren 2006), generated by the social conditions in which people live (Farrell et al 2008) and refers to the systematic differences in the health of groups that occupy unequal positions in society (Graham 2007) and refer to a particular type of difference in health whereby disadvantaged groups experience worse health and greater risks to their health than less disadvantaged groups (Braveman 2006). Health inequalities are avoidable but are determined by the political, social and economic influences on the conditions in which people live, grow and work (CSDH 2008). They are a result of a wide range of complex influences and those people who are the most socio-economically deprived are the most likely to suffer ill health in all stages of life and premature death (Townsend Davidson 1988). An example of this can be seen in the incidence of coronary heart disease and the contributing factors which influence this disease particularly amongst those within the population who are the most socioeconomically deprived. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart. Coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked with deposits of fatty materials or cholesterol (atheroma), thus reducing the blood supply to the heart. This deprives the heart of oxygen, causes angina, arrhythmia and can lead to coronary thrombosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction and/or sudden death (National Assembly for Wales 2001). Despite it being a largely preventable illness and leading cause of death in the UK, it still accounts for over 6000 deaths per year in Wales (NPHS 2006). Although the incidence has been falling over the past few decades, figures show that Wales still has a higher incidence of the disease than England and that in areas of high deprivation such as the South Wales valleys the incidence of CHD is at least a third higher than in more affluent areas (Cardiac Disease NSF for Wales 2009). Mortality rates for CHD show that Wales has a higher rate than the UK average and that areas within Wales with the highest rates are mainly in the South Wales valleys, with Blaenau Gwent and Merthyr Tydfil having rates significantly higher than the national average (NPHS 2006). Some of this may be linked to access to services, in particular angiograph and revascularisation. While the hospital admission rates for coronary heart disease is higher than the national average in areas of low socioeconomic status such as Blaenau Gwent and Merthyr Tydfil, admissions for angiography and revascularisation is lower among these areas (NPHS 2006). There are many factors that contribute to the incidence of CHD, some of which cannot be changed such as increasing age and genetic disposition. However many social influences such as tobacco use, diet, physical activity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, use of alcohol and drugs, and stress which contribute to the disease can be modified. Incidence of CHD can also be linked to poverty, low educational status and poor mental health (depression) (WHO 2006b). Exposure to unequal health risks begins before conception and continues through all development stages through to adulthood and leaves the individual vulnerable to a range of disease that includes CHD. (Graham 2004). Environmental conditions such as work environment, income and housing in adulthood contribute to health inequalities and have as much of an impact in determining future health and premature death childhood disadvantage (Kuh et al 2003). Increased behavioural risks in adulthood contribute to CHD and as the incidenc e increases in the lower socioeconomic groups so do the associated risk factors. Those living in deprived areas are far more likely to smoke, eat a poor diet and take part in less than the recommended amount of physical exercise. These behaviours also increase the risk of high blood pressure, high cholesterol and stress, which are associated with the development of CHD (NPHS 2004) Tobacco use is a contributory factor in the development of CHD and the prevalence of smoking among the lowest socioeconomic groups in the UK is approximately 45% of men and 33% of women in the highest social class being smokers compared to 15% and 14% respectively in the lowest social class (Richardson and Crosier). In Wales is estimated that 17% of deaths from heart disease can be attributed to smoking (Cardiac Disease NSF for Wales 2009). Whilst the prevalence of smoking continues to decrease it is still a major problem, the 2008-09 Welsh Health Survey showed that 25% of men and 23% of women were smokers. However in areas with low socio economic status and high deprivation such as Blaenau Gwent and Merthyr Tydfil the number of people who smoked was higher with the percentage of smokers being 30% and 31% respectively (Welsh Health Survey 2007-08). Another contributory factor in the development of CHD is nutrition; diet plays an important role in the development of heart disease with the consumption of fat being linked to coronary heart disease and high salt intake being linked to high blood pressure which is a contributory factor to CHD. While eating 5 or more portions of fruit and vegetables a day can reduce the risk. Despite this intake of fats and salt is higher in Wales than is recommended (Cardiac Disease National Service Framework) and the number of people who consume the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables is only 36%. As with tobacco use these figures decreases in areas of low economic status; with 30% in Merthyr Tydfil and only 28% in Blaenau Gwent consuming the recommended daily amounts. (Welsh Health Survey 2007-08). As well as having a high intake of fats and salt people in low socio-economic groups are also far more likely to consume a diet with poor nutritional value which can result in individuals becoming overweight or obese. The highest proportions of people who are overweight or obese are again in areas of low socioeconomic status. As with other risk factors areas such as Blaenau Gwent and Merthyr Tydfil the number of people who are overweight living in these areas is above the national average for Wales (NPHS 2006). While the national average was reported as being 54.1% in 2006 (NPHS2006), the more recent Welsh Health Survey 2007-08 shows that this figure has increased to 57%, with Blaenau Gwent and Merthyr Tydfil being above the average with it being reported that 64% and 59% respectively being overweight or obese in these areas. Physical activity can contribute to an improvement in physical and psychological quality of life, whereas physical inactivity is a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease and high blood pressure (DoH 1993). The recommended guideline for exercise is 30 minutes of moderate intensity 5 days per week, however only 29% of the Welsh population reported that they achieved this. In areas of low socioeconomic status Blaenau Gwent and Torfaen reported lower than average figures, however Merthyr Tydfil was above the Welsh average. Physical inactivity in the female population is lower than that of males and this trend appears at an early age (NPHS 2006). Other factors such as high blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol, use of alcohol and drugs and stress all contribute to CHD and can be a result of factors such as poor diet, smoking and reduced levels of physical activity. While some individuals may be genetically predisposed to developing CHD for others personal will have a direct bearing on their future health. Individual personality and how much control they feel they have over their own health influence the choices made. Those people who belief they control outcomes (internal locus of control) are far more likely to be able to modify their behaviour to improve future health. Whereas those who beliefs health outcomes are firmly controlled by powerful others (external locus of control) are more likely to continue risk taking behaviour (Lefcourt 1982). Nurses can make an invaluable contribution to the reduction of health inequalities through their ability to work with the public to influence behaviour change within the scope of health promotion work. Health promotion allows the nurse opportunity to target vulnerable populations, to promote health in a positive way, to give clients the health information that allows them to make informed decisions about their health and prevention of illness, enhancing the individuals ability to play a key role in their own health (Webster and Finch 2002 in Scriven 2005).and is an area in which the nurse or healthcare professional plays a key role (WHO 1989). Health promotion work although being a key role for nurses does not lie solely within the domain of health and to achieve the ultimate aim of tackling inequalities there needs to be partnership work with a range of healthcare professionals such as health visitors and dieticians as well as other professionals working in related fields such as sm oking cessation. In order for it to be completely successful a multi-disciplinary approach is advocated with the need to tackle other health determinants simultaneously being paramount (RCN 2007). Health inequalities are often a consequence of lifestyle choices and behaviours, with development of illness and disease is the result of many factors. In order to make changes to the most socioeconomically deprived people in society, work needs to be focused on behaviour change and lifestyle choices (Welsh Assembly Government 2002). Publication of reports such as the Black Report, Health Divide and Acheson Report highlighted the severity of the problems facing the health of society and it is from here that government interventions and public health policies are produced. Publication of the Black Report highlighted the inequalities in health that were present in UK society. The report concluded that health was directly linked to social class and the chance of living a healthy life decreased in lower social classes. It showed that while the health service could play a part in reducing health inequalities measures to reduce socioeconomic differences in income, environment, poor housing, low education standards and unemployment should have a greater importance. It contained 37 recommendations concerned with improving the life of the poorest members of society, particularly children and those with disabilities (Acheson 1998). Recommendations focused on two main areas. It proposed the government should adopt a policy aimed at reducing child poverty in the UK and more money should be spent on health education and the prevention of illness (Townsend Davidson1988). However government at the time criticised the report, arguing that it did not explain health i nequalities and that increased expenditure on the health service would not make a difference to standards of health. Despite this the report was influential in public health debates and research and influenced the decision by the WHOs European region to agree a common health strategy in 1985 (Acheson 1998). Further reports in 1987 (The Health Divide) and 1998 (Acheson report) drew similar conclusions as the Black Report. The Health Divide argued that socio economic circumstances where a major factor in health inequalities and subsequent health and that the gap between health standards and social class had increased since the publication of the Black Report (Whitehead 1987). The 1997 new Labour government set up an inquiry into health inequalities, signalling that the alleviation of inequalities in health was of primary importance. (Marmot 2004).The result of this inquiry was the publication of the Acheson Report, which found that inequalities in health persisted and mirrored the findings of both the Black report and the Health Divide. It concluded that in order to improve health the gap between rich and poor must be reduced and that health inequalities begin before birth. It recommended that high priority should be given to policies aimed at improving health and reducing inequalities in health particularly in respect of children, women of child bearing age and expectant mothers and health policies that have a direct or indirect effect of health should be evaluated. Additionally the report made 37 further recommendations directed across all governmental departments and called for development of policies that sought to reduce inequalities in health (Acheson 1998). In the context of Wales, the Welsh Assembly Government has publicised a number of policies and documents seeking to address the issues of health inequalities. In 1998 Better Health; Better Wales highlighted and described health inequalities which exist in Wales and in 2001 it set out its long term plan to improve the nations health. Improving Health for Wales: a Plan for the NHS with its Partners (2001) set the scene for the NHS over a ten year period. Its main objectives were to make further improvements in health maintenance, provide a significant contribution to health improvements in the populations health and to tackle health inequalities. The Well-being in Wales consultation document in 2002 emphasised that health was the responsibility of everyone not only of the government. This idea of a shared responsibility was reinforced in the 2003 Review of Health and Social Care in Wales, which showed long-term demand for health and social care was unsustainable and there needed to be a greater emphasis on the prevention of ill health and individuals should be held responsible for their own health. This led to the development of Health Challenge Wales, which signposts members of the public to information and activities to improve their own health. In 2005 publication of Designed for Life, a 10 year commitment of creating world class health and social care in Wales built on the work which had been undertaken in 2001. One Wales (2007) upholds the Assembly Governments commitment to improving health and well-being in particular the poorest, most vulnerable members of society. The status of the health of the population varies considerably and the correlation between socioeconomic status and health has been proven in various reports. Health problems such as CHD that are more prevalent in low socioeconomic groups are further exacerbated by associated risk factors that are more prevalent in these groups. Various reports have highlighted these inequalities and concluded that despite being avoidable, inequalities in health exist and are a result of political, social and economic influences. The Welsh Assembly Government in its strategies has recognised the unsustainability of long term health and social care and that there is a need for individuals to take responsibility for their own health. Health promotion work undertaken by nurses is a key role in promoting health and providing the public with information that allows them to make positive lifestyle choices and change behaviour to improve future health. While this is an important area, health inequalities wi ll not be eradicated within the domain of health; it is vitally important that all government departments develop policies that aim to tackle the risk factors.